《最新更新日: June 8, 2022》
江戸時代の観光? (Tourism in Edo Period)
Preface
日本語は簡単な説明のみ
…江戸徳川幕府各代の主な出来事 《Chronology/年表 英語と日本語》
ブログ/ My Blog
徳川家康と慶喜の墓 Graves of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Yoshinobu
↑改修工事が終わったばかりの陽明門や、日暮里近くの谷中霊園内の慶喜と渋沢栄一の墓の位置関係などがわかる写真も載せています。
Preface
Last month (May, 2022) I happened to visit a grave of Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa Shogun, in Nikko and the last Shogun, Yoshinobu's in Yanaka, Tokyo.
I recently came to think that the relatively peaceful times of Edo Period were reallly precious, so visiting there made me excited!!
In Japan, there were almost no major wars in the Edo period for about 250 years. Isn't that surprising from a global perspective?
In this article, I would like to summarize the outstanding points of the Edo period, focusing on people's traffic and culture. From this perspective, we cant' help recalling the system of Sankin-koutai （参勤交代制度）. The system meant that daimyos (大名 provincial feudal lords) were ordered to serve the central Edo government every other year. Therefore, they went back and forth between their hometown territory and the capital once in every two years. Daimyos made extravagant processions, which are called Daimyo gyoretsu or regional lord's precession, accompanied by retainers to show their power and diginity.
When I first learned about this system in elementary school, I thought it so useless and ridiculous. But as learning about the Edo period again, I was reminded of the greatness of this system from an economic point of view. I was wrong!
(The following articles are mainly from Wikipedia.)
初めに
私は、先月(2022年5月）たまたま、初代徳川将軍の家康のお墓を日光東照宮で、最後の将軍の慶喜のお墓を日暮里近くの谷中霊園で見てしまいました。最近になって、江戸時代の平和な時代はとても貴重だったと思うようになっていて、なんだか感激でしました。 約250年、ほぼ大きな戦争がなかった江戸時代の日本。これって、世界的にみて凄いことでは？
ここでは、江戸時代の優れたところを、人の往来や文化を中心にまとめておきたいと思います。ただそのためには、まず参勤交代制度を思い起こさなければなりません。
参勤交代とは、大名に1年おきに江戸中央に出仕することを言います。そのため、2年に1度は故郷の領地と江戸を往復していました。大名はその権威を誇示するため、家臣を従え、大名行列と呼ばれる豪勢な行列を作りました。
私は、この制度について初めて学んだ小学生の頃、「何て無駄な制度なんだ」と思っていました。しかし、最近江戸時代について学び直してみると、経済的観点から見て、この制度の素晴らしさを再認識し、私の考えが浅はかだったと思いました。
（この先の記事は主にウィキペディアより）
What is ｔhe influence of the Sankin-koutai system?
The system of Sankin-koutai （参勤交代制度）
Sankin-koutai (参覲交代) was a policy of the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo period. The purpose was to strengthen central control over the daimyos (feudal lords). It required daimyo to move periodically between Edo (the capital) and his fief and spend alternate years in each place. His wife and heir were required to remain in Edo as hostages while he was away.
*periodically=定期的に、周期的に
*alternate (=米 alternating)=交互に起きる、交替の
on alternate years =every second year =every other year =隔年、1年おきに
*fief=（封建時代の）知行地、領土 ≒domain=領有地、所有地
It was made compulsory for the tozama daimyos in 1635, and for the fudai daimyos from 1642. Aside from an eight-year period under the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune, the law remained in force until 1862.
In principle, the Sankin-koutai was a military service to the shogun. Each daimyo was required to furnish a number of soldiers (侍 samurai) in accordance with the amount of rice harvest called kokudaka (石高 kokudaka) assessment of his domain. These soldiers accompanied the daimyo on the processions called Daimyo gyoretsu (大名行列）to and from Edo.
They marched to show their power and diginity. With hundreds of daimyos entering or leaving Edo each year, Daimyo-processions were almost daily occurrences in Edo, the shogunal capital.
At the beginning of Edo period, roads were not well developed. Tokugawa Ieyasu started the construction of the Five Routes (五街道 Go-kaido Roads) to increase his control over the country in 1601. All of them started at Nihonbashi in Edo led to other parts of the country. But it was Tokugawa Ietsuna, the 4th shogun, who declared them as major routes.
Post stations were set up along the route for travelers to rest and buy supplies. Special lodgings called honjin (本陣) were also set up for Daimyo, high-ranking samurai and court nobles.
The frequent travel of the daimyo encouraged road building and the construction of inns and facilities along the routes, generating economic activity. In other words, it greatly developed cities and transportation that will remain in the future.
Moreover the Sankin-koutai figures prominently in some Edo-period ukiyo-e woodblock prints, as well as in popular theater such as kabuki and bunraku.
Faults of Sankin-koutai?
The expenditures necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for the procession to and from Edo, placed financial strains on the daimyo, making them unable to wage war.
Daimyos had to reach Edo from their hometown by a fixed date even if they were hit by typhoons or floods. So some daimyo constructed bridges by themseves.
Some scholars in the Edo period cited the Sankin-koutai system as the cause of financial difficulties of domains. Actually, at the time of Tokugawa Yoshimune who gave Muro Kyuso an important position, the period of stay in Edo was shortened to half a year for a while.
As a large number of daimyo's attendants traveled back and forth, the local language, culture, and customs flowed into Edo through them, and Edo culture spread throughout the country.
Finally, a fourth of the population (about 250,000 people) of Edo in the 18 century were feudal retainers of each domain who were transferred to Edo through Sankinkotai. As a result, the population of men was extremely larger than that of women in Edo, bringing prosperity of a licensed red-light district called "Yukaku （遊郭）".
*retainer=《歴史》家来、家臣
参勤交代制度の影響とは？ (
簡単簡単な説明です）道路や橋が整備が十分でない時代に、地方の大名は、台風や洪水にみまわれたとしても、決められた期日までに国元から江戸にまで到着しなければなりませんでした。そのため、参勤交代用の橋や道路が建設され、宿場町も整備されました。後世に残る都市や交通を大いに発達させたのです。また、これらの街道の整備費用、道中の宿泊費や移動費、国元の居城と江戸藩邸の両方の維持費など、その経済効果は絶大でした。
ただし、その反面、江戸時代当時、諸藩の財政難の原因として参勤交代制を挙げる学者もいたようです。実際に、室鳩巣を重用した徳川吉宗の頃には、一時期、参勤交代による江戸の在府期間が、半年に短縮されるなどしたようです。
さらに、大量の大名の随員が、往来したため、彼らを媒介して地方の言語・文化・風俗などが江戸に流入したり、江戸の文化が全国に広まったりしました。つまり、参勤交代のシステムは、江戸時代を通して、社会秩序の安定と文化の繁栄に繋がることになったのです。
因みに、18世紀の江戸の人口の4分の1、約25万人は参勤交代する事で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣だったという事です。この結果、江戸の人口が女性に比して男性の人口が極端に多く、遊郭が繁栄することにもつながったようです。
Art, culture and entertainment
For the first time, urban populations had the means and leisure time to support a new mass culture. Their search for enjoyment became known as ukiyo (浮世 the floating world), an ideal world of fashion, popular entertainment, and the discovery of aesthetic qualities in objects and actions of everyday life.
This increasing interest in pursuing recreational activities helped to develop an array of new industries, many of which could be found in an area known as Yoshiwara (吉原）. The district was known for being the center of Edo's developing sense of elegance and refinement.
Established in 1617 as the city's shogunate-sanctioned prostitution district, it kept this designation about 250 years. Yoshiwara was home to mostly women who, due to unfortunate circumstances, found themselves working in this secluded environment.
Professional female entertainers (geisha 芸者), music, popular stories, Kabuki theater (歌舞伎) and puppet theater (bunraku 文楽）, poetry, a rich literature, and art, exemplified by beautiful woodblock prints (known as ukiyo-e 浮世絵), were all part of this flowering of culture.
Ukiyo-e (浮世絵）is a genre of painting and printmaking that developed in the late 17th century, at first depicting the entertainments of the pleasure districts of Edo, such as courtesans and kabuki actors. Harunobu （鈴木春信 1724-1770) produced the first full-colour nishiki-e prints in 1765, a form that has become synonymous to most with ukiyo-e.
The genre reached a peak in technique towards the end of the century with the works of such artists as Kiyonaga and Utamaro.
As the Edo period came to an end a great diversity of genres proliferated: warriors, nature, folklore, and the landscapes of Hokusai （葛飾北斎 1760-1849）and Hiroshige （歌川広重 1797-1858).
Literature also flourished with the talented examples of the playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon (近松門左衛門 1653–1724) and the poet, essayist, and travel writer Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉 1644–94).
Eating out became popular due to urbanization. Particularly popular among ordinary people were stalls serving fast food such as soba, sushi, tempura, and unagi, tofu restaurants, teahouses and izakaya (Japanese-style pubs). A number of ryotei also opened to serve high-class food.
People enjoyed eating at restaurants by buying books that listed restaurant ratings that imitated sumo rankings.
Gardening were also popular pastimes for the people of the time. Especially in Edo, residences of daimyo (feudal lords) of each domain were gathered, and many gardeners existed to manage these gardens, which led to the development of horticultural techniques.
Among people, cherry blossoms, morning glories, Japanese irises and chrysanthemums were especially popular, and bonsai using deep pots became popular. Not only did people buy plants and appreciate flowers, but they were also enthusiastic about improving the varieties of flowers, so specialized books were published one after another. For example, Matsudaira Sadatomo produced 300 varieties of iris and published a technical book.
Traveling became popular among people because of the improvement of roads and post towns. The main destinations were famous temples and Shinto shrines around the country, and eating and drinking at the inns and prostitution were one of the main attractions.
What people admired most was the visit to Ise Grand Shrine and the summit of Mount Fuji, which are considered the most sacred places in Japan.
The Ise Grand Shrine in particular has been visited by an enormous number of visitors, and historical documents record that 3.62 million people visited the shrine in 50 days in 1625 and 1.18 million people visited it in three days in 1829 when the grand festival held every 20 years (Shikinen Sengu 式年遷宮) was held. It was a once-in-a-lifetime event for people living in remote areas, so they set up a joint fund for each village, saved their travel expenses, and went on a group trip.
Local residents of Ise Grand Shrine and Mount Fuji used to send specialized advertising personnel to various parts of Japan to solicit trips to local areas to make money from tourism.
Reading:
One estimate of literacy in Edo suggest that up to a third of males could read, along with a sixth of women. Another estimate states that 40% of men and 10% of women by the end of the Edo period were literate.
According to another estimate, around 1800, almost 100% of the samurai class and about 50% to 60% of the chōnin (craftsmen and merchants) class and nōmin (peasants) class were literate.
As the literacy rate was so high that many ordinary people could read books, books in various genres such as cooking, gardening, travel guides, art books, scripts of bunraku (puppet theatre), kibyōshi (satirical novels), sharebon (books on urban culture), kokkeibon (comical books), ninjōbon (romance novel), yomihon and kusazōshi were published.
There were 600 to 800 rental bookstores in Edo, and people borrowed or bought these woodblock print books. The best-selling books in this period were Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko (Life of an Amorous Man) by Ihara Saikaku, Nansō Satomi Hakkenden by Takizawa Bakin and Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige by Jippensha Ikku and these books were reprinted many times.
Population
By the mid-18th century, Edo had a population of more than one million, likely the biggest city in the world at the time. Osaka and Kyoto each had more than 400,000 inhabitants. Many other castle towns grew as well. Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers, while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods.
Around the year 1700, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country in the world, at a rate of around 10–12%. Half of that figure would be samurai, while the other half, consisting of merchants and artisans, would be known as chonin.
In the first part of the Edo period, Japan experienced rapid demographic growth, before leveling off at around 30 million.
Between the 1720s and 1820s, Japan had almost zero population growth, often attributed to lower birth rates in response to widespread famine, but some historians have presented different theories, such as a high rate of infanticide artificially controlling population.
At around 1721, the population of Japan was close to 30 million and the figure was only around 32 million around the Meiji Restoration around 150 years later.
From 1721, there were regular national surveys of the population until the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate. In addition, regional surveys, as well as religious records initially compiled to eradicate Christianity, also provide valuable demographic data.
*attribute=Oを～に帰する、のせいにする
*eradicate=ｲﾗﾃﾞｨｹｲﾄｩ=～を根絶する、消す
*demographic=人口統計の
Major events in each generation of the Edo Tokugawa shogunate
江戸徳川幕府各代の主な出来事
| 代 | 在職 (在位) | 将軍名 （享年 墓所） |
主な出来事 | 海外での 主な出来事 |
| A | B: B' | C (C' C'') | D | E |
| A= generation B=incumbent/Christian era B'=in office C=shogun's name C'=aged C''=graveyard D=major events in Japan E=major events abroad F=Japanese era name Red letters =Domestic disasters Blue letters =Diplomatic relations between Japan and Overseas |
||||
| 1 | 1603-1605 :2年2ヵ月 |
Ieyasu 家康 (75歳 日光東照宮・高野山ほか) |
1600 関ケ原の戦い Battle of Sekigahara: Tokugawa's victory 1605 慶長地震(南海沖の津波などで死者5000-1万？） Major earthquake 1612 キリスト教の禁教 Prohibition of Christianity 1614-15 大坂冬の陣・夏の陣 Osaka winter & summer battles: the Toyotomi clan dissolves 1615 武家諸法度・禁中並公家諸法度 1617 日光東照宮ができる Establishment of Nikko Toshogu Shrine (Ieyasu dies in 1616) |
1600 （英）東インド会社を設立 (English) Establishment of East India Company 1602 （蘭）東インド会社を設立 (Dutch) Establishment of East India Company 1610 英オーストラリア大陸発見 Discovery of Australian Continent 1618 （独）30年戦争起こる (Germany) Thirty years' war occurs |
| 元号 F |
Keichō 慶長 1596～1615 | |||
| 2 | 1605-1623 :18年3ヵ月 |
Hidetada 秀忠 (54歳 増上寺) |
||
| 元号 | Genna 元和 1615～1624 | |||
| 3 | 1623-1651 :27年9ヵ月 |
Iemitsu 家光 (48歳 輪王寺) |
1635 参勤交代の制度を定める Establishment of a system of mandatory alternative residence in Edo 1636 長崎に出島ができる Dejima in Nagasaki is built. 1637 島原の乱 (-38) Shimabara Rebellion 1639 鎖国の完成 National Seclusion System is completed. All foreigners except Chinese, Koreans, and Dutch are banned from entering Japan. 寛永の大飢饉 Great famine |
1639 （英）清教徒革命(-60) (English) Puritan Revolution 1644 明が滅び、清が中国統一 Ming is destroyed and Qing unifies China |
| 元号 | Kan'ei 寛永 1624～1644 Shōhō 正保 1644～1648 |
|||
| 4 | 1651-1680 :28年9ヵ月 |
Ietsuna 家綱 (40歳 寛永寺) |
1651 慶安の変（由井正雪の乱） Yui Shousetsu Rebellion 1657 明暦の大火（振袖火事） The Great Fire destroys most of the city of Edo. 1657 水戸光圀（水戸黄門）が「大日本史」の編纂を始める(-1906) Mito Mitsukuni (Mito Komon) begins compiling the "History of greater Japan". 1662 寛文近江・若狭地震（京都盆地北部で被害） Major earthquake |
1661 (仏)ルイ14世の親政始まる The reign of Louis Xiv of France begins |
| 元号 | Keian 慶安 1648～1652 Jōō 承応 1652～1655 Meireki 明暦 1655～1658 Manji 万治 1658～1661 Kanbun 寛文 1661～1673 Enpō 延宝 1673～1681 |
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| 5 | 1680-1709 :28年5ヵ月 |
Tsunayoshi 綱吉 (64歳 寛永寺) 館林徳川家からの養子 |
1685 生類憐みの令発布 Ordinance of mercy for living cratures *元禄文化 Kabuki & Ukiyo-e becomes popular 1701 忠臣蔵（赤穂事件 -3） 1703 元禄地震（南関東、死者6700人以上） Major earthquake 1707 宝永地震 (東海道から南海道沖・津波などで死者2万人?) Major earthquake occurs and 20,000 people are killed? 宝永大噴火（富士山大噴火） Great eruption of Mt. Fuji |
|
| 元号 | Tenna 天和 1681～1684 Jōkyō 貞享 1684～1688 Genroku 元禄 1688～1704 Hōei 宝永 1704～1711 |
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| 6 | 1709-1712 :3年5ヵ月 |
Ienobu 家宣 (51歳 増上寺) 家光の孫 |
1709 新井白石を登用 (-16) 生類憐みの令や酒税の廃止 Abolition of the ordinance of Mercy for living cratures and the liquor tax |
|
| 元号 | Shōtoku 正徳 1711～1716 | |||
| 7 | 1713-1716 :3年1ヵ月 |
Ietsugu 家継 (8歳 増上寺) 家光の系統は断絶 |
||
| 8 | 1716-1745 :29年1ヵ月 |
Yoshimune 吉宗 (68歳 寛永寺) |
享保の改革 1732 享保の飢饉（西日本） Great famine |
1733 アメリカ、東部13州成立 United States establishes 13 Eastern States |
| 元号 | Kyōhō 享保 1716～1736 Genbun 元文 1736～1741 Kanpō 寛保 1741～1744 Enkyō 延享 1744～1748 |
|||
| 9 | 1745-1760 :14年6ヵ月 |
Ieshige 家重 (51歳 増上寺) |
1758 宝暦事件（京都） |
|
| 元号 | Kan'en 寛延 1748～1751 Hōreki 宝暦 1751～1764 |
|||
| 10 | 1760-1786 :26年4ヵ月 |
Ieharu 家治 (50歳 寛永寺) |
1772 老中・田沼意次 (-86) 印旛沼・手賀沼の開発 Development of Inbanuma Pond and Teganuma Pond 1778 ロシア船が国後島に来る Russian Ship comes to Kunashiri Island 1782 天明の大飢饉 (全国 -87or88) Great famine 1783 浅間山大噴火 Great eruption of Mt. Asama |
1775 アメリカ独立戦争(-83) American Revolution 1776 アメリカ独立宣言 Declaration of Independence |
| 元号 | Meiwa 明和 1764～1772 An'ei 安永 1772～1781 Tenmei 天明 1781～1789 |
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| 11 | 1787-1837 :50年 |
Ienari 家斉 (69歳 寛永寺) |
1787 老中・松平定信/寛政の改革 (-93) 人足寄せ場の設置 Kanei Reforms/ by Matsudaira Sadanobu, senior shogunal councillor 1792 （露）ラックスマンが根室に来る（ 伊勢の船頭・大黒屋光太夫帰国）Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives Nemuro in Ezo (Hokkaido) 1800 伊能忠敬が蝦夷地を測量 Ino Tadataka surveys Ezo 1804 (露）レザノフ長崎に来航 Russian envoy Nikolai Rezanov reaches Nagasaki 1808 間宮林蔵が樺太を探検、英フェートン号長崎港侵入事件 Mamiya Rinzo explores Sakhalin, and the English Phaeton Incident at Nagasaki Port 1825 幕府、外国船打ち払い令を出す Bakufu issues the edict expelling foreign ships 1828 シーボルト（独）事件 Siebold incident happens 1837 大塩平八郎の乱 Rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro 米モリソ号事件 An American merchant ship, Morrison, is driven away by cannon fire. *化政文化（町人文化） 川柳、、滑稽本、浮世絵、歌舞伎 |
1789 フランス革命 French Revolution 1804 仏ナポレオン皇帝になる Napoleon becmes the emperor of Frane 1807 （米）蒸気船試運転 (American) Steamship commissionin 1814 ウィーン会議 (-15) Congress of Vienna、 （英）蒸気機関車試運転 Steam locomotive commissioning 1819 英シンガポール占領 British occupation of Singapore 1825 (英）鉄道開通 Railway opening 1830 (仏）7月革命 (France) July Revolution |
| 元号 | Kansei 寛政 1789～1801 Kyōwa 享和 1801～1804 Bunka 文化 1804～1818 Bunsei 文政 1818～1830 |
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| 12 | 1837-1853 :16年2ヵ月 |
Ieyoshi 家慶 (61歳 増上寺）) |
1833 天保の大飢饉 (全国 -37) Great famine 1841 老中・水野忠邦/天保の改革 (-43) Tenpo Reforms 遠山景元（遠山の金さんのモデル） |
1840 (中)アヘン戦争(-42) (China) Opium Wars 1842 南京条約/イギリスが香港を獲得 Treaty of Nanking/British capture of Hong Kong 1848 （仏）2月革命 (French) February Revolution |
| 元号 | Tenpō 天保 1830～1844 Kōka 弘化 1844～1848 Kaei 嘉永 1848～1854 |
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| 13 | 1853-1858 :4年8ヵ月 |
Iesada 家定 (35歳 寛永寺) |
1853 米ペリーの黒船が浦賀来航、（露）プチャーチンが長崎来航 US Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry's four-ship squadron appears in Edo (Tokyo) Bay. 1854 日米和親条約 The US forces Japan to sign a trade agreement which reopens Japan to foreigners after two centuries. 1854 安政地震 (東海から西日本にかけて地震頻発、「稲村の火」のエピソードは、その中の1つ） Major earthquakes & Famous Tsunami occur 1855 安政江戸地震 (死者4000-1万) Major earthquake 1856 米ハリスが下田へ Harris from the US goes to Shimoda, 島津斉彬の養女・篤姫(天璋院)が家定の正室になる Atsuhime (Tenshoin), an adopted daughter of Shimazu Nariakira, becomes the wife of Iesada. 1858 日米修好通商条約 Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce 1859 安政の大獄 Ansei Purge 1860 桜田門外の変 Sakuradamon Incident 1861 皇女和宮が家茂に降嫁 Princess Kazunomiya gets married with Iemochi. 1864 蛤御門の変、第1回長州征伐 1866 薩長同盟成立 Satsuma -Chousyu Alliance is established. |
1853 クリミア戦争 (-56) Crimean War 1858 ムガール帝国が滅びイギリスがインドを直接統治 Mughal Empire falls and Britain directly governs India 1861 （米）南北戦争 (-65) (US) Civil War |
| 元号 | Ansei 安政 1854～1860 | |||
| 14 | 1858-1866 :7年9ヵ月 |
Iemochi 家茂 (21歳 増上寺) |
||
| 元号 | Man'en 万延 1860～1861 Bunkyū 文久 1861～1864 Genji 元治 1864～1865 Man'en 万延 1860～1861 Bunkyū 文久 1861～1864 Genji 元治 1864～1865 |
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| 15 | 1867-1868 :1年 |
Yoshinobu 慶喜 (77歳 谷中霊園) |
1867 大政奉還、王政復古の大号令 Restoration of the political administration to the emperor 1668 鳥羽・伏見の戦い、江戸城無血開城 Battle of Toba & Fushimi, Edo Castle bloodless surrender The Tokugawa dynasty ends |
1867 カナダがイギリスからの自治開始/Canada Day |
| 元号 | Keiō 慶応 1865～1868 | |||
歴史的現在…歴史上の事柄などは現在時制で表す*chronology=ｸﾛﾉろｼﾞｰ=年表
