カナダ Canada
What is Canada Day? (Jul 1, 1867）
…ちなみに、日本の大政奉還は、1867年11月9日でした！
Canada Day/ Wikipedia
YouTube/ジェンの授業より
京都環境文化学術フォーラム・記念講演 （デヴィッド・スズキ）
…Commemorative lecture presented by Dr. David Takayoshi Suzuki on the Earth Forum Kyoto, Feb 13th 2016
2016年2月13日に開催された京都環境文化学術フォーラムにおける殿堂入り者デヴィッド・タカヨシ・スズキ氏の記念講演
*David Takayoshi Suzuki (Biologist, Environmental Activist, and Emeritus Professor at the University of British Columbia)
*デヴィッド・タカヨシ・スズキ 氏（生物学者、環境活動家、ブリティッシュコロンビア大学名誉教授）
What is Canada Day? カナダの日 (7月1日)
…The British North America Act created Canada on July 1, 1867 while Tokugawa Yoshinobu tendered his resignation to the Emperor and returned governing power to him in November 9, 1867. The political revolution called Meiji Restoration in 1868 brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate, ended the Edo period (1603-1867), and nominally returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji.
I was astonished to find that such big historic events occurred simultaneously
across the Pacific in 1867!!
*tender one's resignation (to one's boss)=(上司に）辞表を提出する
*demise=ﾃﾞｨﾏｲｽﾞ=継承、譲位、終結、～を譲与する、（王位）を譲る
*nominally=ﾉﾐﾅりｨｰ=名目上は、建前としては
*simultaneously=ｻｲﾏるﾃｲﾆｱｽりｨｰ=同時に
…カナダがイギリス連邦の1つとして自治を開始したのが、1867年の7月1日でした。ちなみに、日本の大政奉還は、1867年11月9日。その後1868年に明治維新となり、徳川250年の歴史が閉じるのですが、太平洋を挟んだ2つの国で、同じ1867年に歴史の節目になるような出来事が起きたのは、興味深いことです。
YouTubeのジェンの授業「Canada Day」はこちら
Canada Day/ From Wikipedia)
Canada Day is the national day of Canada. A federal statutory holiday,
it celebrates the anniversary of Canadian Confederation which occurred
on July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, 1867.
Canada Day is often informally referred to as "Canada's birthday",
particularly in the popular press. However, the term "birthday"
can be seen as an oversimplification, as Canada Day is the anniversary
of only one important national milestone on the way to the country's full
independence, namely the joining on July 1, 1867, of the colonies of Canada,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into a wider British federation of four
provinces (the colony of Canada being divided into the provinces of Ontario
and Quebec upon Confederation). Canada became a "kingdom in its own
right" within the British Empire commonly known as the Dominion of
Canada.
Although still a British colony, Canada gained an increased level of political
control and governance over its own affairs, the British parliament and
Cabinet maintaining political control over certain areas, such as foreign
affairs, national defence, and constitutional changes. Canada gradually
gained increasing independence over the years, notably with the passage
of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, until finally becoming completely
independent with the passing of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Originally called Dominion Day, the holiday was renamed in 1982 when the
Canadian Constitution was patriated by the Canada Act 1982.
*statutory=ｽﾀﾁｭﾄﾘｰ=法定の
*confederation=ｺﾝふｪﾀﾞﾚｰｼｮﾝﾇ=同盟、連邦 （イギリス自治領カナダ連邦）
*Dominion=ﾄﾞﾐﾆｵﾝﾇ=（英連邦内の）自治領
*patriate=ﾊﾟﾄﾘｴｲﾄｩ=《カナダ》（憲法修正権）を英国からカナダに移す
*Act=ｱｸﾄｩ=条例、決議（書）
Most communities across the country will host organized celebrations for
Canada Day, typically outdoor public events, such as parades, carnivals,
festivals, barbecues, air and maritime shows, fireworks, and free musical
concerts, as well as citizenship ceremonies.
There is no standard mode of celebration for Canada Day; Jennifer Welsh,
a professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford, said
about this: "Canada Day, like the country, is endlessly decentralized.
There doesn't seem to be a central recipe for how to celebrate it—chalk
it up to the nature of the federation."
However, the focus of the celebrations is the national capital, Ottawa,
Ontario, where large concerts and cultural displays are held on Parliament
Hill in an event largely referred to as the "Noon Show".Typically
with the governor general and prime minister officiate, though the monarch
or another member of the Royal Family may also attend or take the governor
general's place. Smaller events are mounted in other parks around the city
and in neighbouring Gatineau, Quebec.
Canada Day has attracted a negative stigma among Indigenous peoples in
Canada and non-Indigenous allies, who feel that it is a celebration of
the colonization of Indigenous land. Criticism of Canada Day celebrations
were particularly prominent during Canada's sesquicentennial in 2017, with
allegations that the commemorations downplayed the role of Indigenous peoples
in the country's history, and the hardships they face in the present day.
*stigma=ｽﾃｨｸﾞﾏ=汚名、不名誉、小さな印、（昔奴隷に押した）焼印
*indigenous=ｲﾝﾃﾞｨｼﾞﾅｽ=現地の、固有の（=native)
*sesquicentennial=ｾｽｸｲｾﾝﾃﾆｱる=150年、150年祭（の）
カナダの日/ ウイキペディアより
カナダの日はカナダの建国記念日で、カナダの誕生日とも言われる。
カナダで毎年7月1日に制定されており、国民の祝日となっている。1867年に制定された英領北アメリカ法により、カナダが一つの連邦として自治を開始した1867年7月1日を記念し祝日に制定された。
当時すでにイギリス連合王国の一部であり現在のオンタリオ州とケベック州からなるカナダ州（Province of Canada）に、ノバスコシア植民地、ニューブランズウィック植民地を加えて、ひとつの自治領（ドミニオン）であるカナダ連邦が1867年7月1日に誕生した。
カナダの日の祝祭行事は主に各地方自治体が主催し、屋外で行われるものが多い。パレード、屋外のお祭り、バーベキュー、航空・艦船ショー、野外コンサート、花火などである。また新移民の公民宣誓式も行われる習わしとなっている。1980年の祭典では『オー・カナダ』が国歌と定められた。バンクーバーのパレードでは、地元日本人団体による神輿、盆踊りも見ることが出来る。
首都オタワでは国会議事堂前の広場（パーラメント・ヒル）ではカナダ総督と首相が参加する記念式典が行われる。国王またはその他の王族も出席することがある。1990年、1992年、1997年、2010年の式典にはカナダ女王であるエリザベス2世が参加した。
*先住民との問題への言及は、日本語版ではまだありませんでした。
（2021年7月3日現在）
Catholic Group Gives 'formal commitment' to disclose all records from B.C.
and Sask. residential schools
CBC News/The Canadian Press/ Jun 25, 2021
WARNING: This story contains distressing details.
（警告： この記事は悲惨な内容を含んでいます。）
B.C.=British Columbia/ Sask.=Saskatchewan
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ran institutions in Kamloops, Marieval
People pay their respects at a memorial in Vancouver after the Tk'emlúps
te Secwépemc First Nation reported that ground-penetrating radar scans
of the grounds of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School revealed
the remains of 215 children. (Ben Nelms/CBC)
The Catholic religious order that operated residential schools in Saskatchewan and British Columbia where hundreds of unmarked graves have been found has made a formal "commitment to transparency" to disclose all historical documents in its possession that are related to the schools.
The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate operated 48 schools, including the Marieval Indian Residential School in the Cowessess First Nation in Saskatchewan and the Kamloops Indian Residential School in B.C.
On Thursday, the Cowessess First Nation announced the preliminary discovery of 751 unmarked graves at the former Marieval Indian Residential School.
The Tk'emlups te Secwepemc First Nation said last month a preliminary scan had detected the remains of an estimated 215 children near the former residential school in Kamloops.
The discoveries have sparked public outcry for full transparency from clergy involved in the residential school system.
The religious group had previously said it would release records pertaining to the institution in Kamloops, but Thursday's statement marked a "formal commitment" to "disclose and not block access" to records from all schools with which it was involved.
"We remain deeply sorry for our involvement in residential schools and the harms they brought to Indigenous peoples and communities,'' the statement said.
Possible legal action if records not released
Chief Bobby Cameron with the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN) noted the oblates had promised in the past to release records pertaining to residential schools they'd operated.
But those promises never yielded results and Cameron reiterated his calls for all organizations associated with residential schools in Canada to release records and information about them on Friday.
Cameron said he was sick and tired of waiting, adding that privacy laws, which the oblates' statement cited as a possible challenge to releasing residential school records, were "nonsense."
"There was no privacy when all those priests and nuns were doing this to our young children, there was no privacy then," he said.
"There's no privacy. What there is, though, is more truth to be uncovered. More truth to be told of what really went on."
Cameron said if the oblates don't release every record available, or prolong the record releasing process, the FSIN would look at possible legal actions it can take to ensure documents are made available.
Sisters of St. Ann documents
Earlier this week, the Sisters of St. Ann, who staffed the Kamloops Indian Residential School among others, agreed to release all its remaining documentation on the running of the school.
The organization signed a memorandum of understanding with the Royal B.C. Museum on June 21, with the agreement set to come into effect July 1. The memorandum will stay in place until all the documents are reviewed, audited, and made available to the B.C. archives in 2025. The Tk'emlups te Secwepemc First Nation may also request documents.
The Sisters of St. Ann had previously refused to release its full records due to claims that they were not all directly relevant. But the order has now changed its position.
"We affirm our commitment to collaborate in finding the truth and will assist in the process in whatever way we can,'' said spokesperson Sister Marie Zarowny.
Two hundred and fifteen lights are placed on the lawn outside the former Kamloops Indian Residential School on June 13 in honour of the children who never returned home. (Jonathan Hayward/Canadian Press)
Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, director of the Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre at the University of B.C., said the centre will act in part as an independent auditor for the Sisters of St. Ann documents, alongside the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR).
They are putting priority on digitizing records, especially student illness and death records, to increase the accessibility of these records for affected communities, said Turpel-Lafond.
University of Saskatchewan Associate Professor Winona Wheeler, who is a member of the Fisher River Cree Nation, said she is hopeful that the records will contain vital information about the residential schools and Indigenous children who were students there.
"We need to be able to identify the graves. We need to be able to identify the bodies. And the church records are kind of our last option to do that," said Wheeler.
But Wheeler said she is skeptical about how much information is there, and how long it will take for the records to be digitized and released.
She also said federal government records were poorly kept, but since churches ran the schools, they may have more detailed information about day-to-day operations and student deaths.
'Delays can cause ongoing distrust, distress and trauma'
In Thursday's statement, the oblates said they have worked to make historical documents available through universities, archives and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The oblates said that work is not complete because of complications with provincial and national privacy laws. They asked for guidance from organizations familiar with those laws.
"We further acknowledge that delays can cause ongoing distrust, distress and trauma to Indigenous peoples across British Columbia, Saskatchewan and the rest of the country,'' the statement said.
The oblates also committed to seeking guidance from First Nations and governments.
"We will work with bishops and other leaders in the Catholic Church to support full truth in these matters," the statement said.
A convoy of trucks in support of the Tk'emlups te Secwepemc people make its way down Highway 5 to the former Kamloops Indian Residential School in Kamloops, B.C., on June 5. (Ben Nelms/CBC)
Stephanie Scott, executive director of the NCTR, said Catholic groups aren't the only officials who need to help by releasing records.
"The government and provincial archives ... have a responsibility in getting those outstanding records to us," Scott told CBC on Friday. "We're still negotiating for records to be found and to be placed at the NCTR in our archives.
"It has been a frustrating experience because, really, this is about children and people need to be reminded of that, too."
In 2017, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that thousands of residential school records be destroyed. Since 2020, the federal government has tried to block the enactment of a statistical report outlining residential school abuse claims.
Support is available for anyone affected by the lingering effects of residential school and those who are triggered by the latest reports.
A national Indian Residential School Crisis Line has been set up to provide support for residential school survivors and others affected. People can access emotional and crisis referral services by calling the 24-hour national crisis line: 1-866-925-4419.
*residential school=寄宿学校、全寮制学校
《カナダ》政府運営の北米先住民とイヌイットの子供のための寄宿学校
*the Dominion of Canada=カナダ自治領
*Dominion Day=自治記念日=Canada Dayの旧称
*dominion=支配（権）、領土、自治領
* indigenous=ｲﾝﾃﾞｨｼﾞﾅｽ=《形》固有の、現地の（=native)
*indigenous peoples=先住民 (複数の民族）
*同化教育
In Canada, indigenous people were forced to assimilate.
=カナダでは、先住民は同化を強いられました。
*assimilate=ｱｽｨﾐれｲﾄｩ=～を吸収する、～を同化する
fx: The immigrants were assimilated with the natives.
＝移民は原住民に同化させられた（→同化した）。
*assimilation=同化、吸収
fx: the assimilation of the Canadians into the American economic and linguistic
culture=カナダ人のアメリカ経済・言語文化への同化
数千人の子供が行方不明、寄宿学校跡に数百の遺骨…同化教育の先住民か
2021年6月26日/ 読売新聞オンライン
カナダ西部カムループスの寄宿学校跡地に置かれた看板（１３日、ＡＰ）。「私たちは決して忘れない」と書かれている
【ロサンゼルス＝渡辺晋】かつて先住民族に対する強制的な同化教育が行われたカナダで、複数の寄宿学校の跡地から計数百体の遺骨などが相次いで見つかった。数千人の子供の行方が分からなくなった経緯があり、「人道に対する犯罪だ」などと衝撃が広がっている。トルドー首相は「心が痛む。我々は真実を認め、過去から学ばなければならない」とする声明を出した。
【写真】「先住民の虐殺者」コロンブス像の破壊、米各地で相次ぐ
カナダ中西部サスカチワン州カウエセスの寄宿学校跡地では、墓標のない７５１の墓が見つかった。先住民族のグループが２４日に記者会見し、公表した。６月上旬からレーダーによる地中調査が行われ、１０％程度の誤差を考慮しても、少なくとも６００体が埋められ、多くが子供とみられるという。
西部ブリティッシュ・コロンビア州カムループスの寄宿学校跡地でも先月末、２１５体の子供の遺骨が発見された。最大の寄宿学校とされ、さらに増える可能性もある。
カナダでは１８００年代後半から１００年以上にわたり、ローマ・カトリック教会が運営する約１３０の寄宿学校で、親から引き離された先住民族の子供約１５万人が同化教育を受けた。独自の文化や言語が禁止され、キリスト教の信仰を強いられたという。
カナダ政府は２００８年、寄宿学校で身体的・性的な虐待が横行していたと認め、謝罪していた。同化教育の過程で数千人の子供が死亡したとされ、同国の「真実と和解の委員会」が１５年に公表した報告書は「文化的ジェノサイド（集団殺害）」と指摘していた。
寄宿学校で同化教育を経験したという女性は２４日の記者会見に同席し、「私たちは学校で自分のことを嫌いになる方法を学ばせられた。影響は今も残っている」と訴えた。
先住民族の団体はカナダ政府に対し、寄宿学校の跡地の徹底調査などを要求。国連の特別報告者も、政府とカトリック教会に調査を求めている。
