《最新更新日: Oct 28, 2022》
西郷さんに次ぐ人気？島津斉彬
Shimazu Nariakira, Second in popularity to Saigo-san?
Shimazu Nariakira, Second in popularity to Saigo-san?
Shimazu Nariakira, Second in popularity to Saigo-san?
↑英文のオリジナル記事。《④の英訳、解説付きは②へ》
① Preface /序文
↑今回の記事英文記事の起こし方。Google翻訳の実力は？
② Second in popularity to Saigo-san? Shimazu Nariakira
↑③を手直しし、単語の説明や解説、スラッシュを加えたもの
③ Google自動翻訳
↑④のオリジナル記事を単純に英語にGoogle自動翻訳したもの
④ 西郷さんに次ぐ人気? 島津斉彬
↑オリジナル記事。今回は、まず日本語で原稿を書きました。
マッキーの旅行記・島津斉彬・西郷隆盛ゆかりの地 in 鹿児島
My Blog: Lands associated with Shimazu Nariakira and Saigo Takamori
ウィキペディア/ 島津斉彬
↑少し微妙（？）な情報もあり
When I visited Kagoshima for the first time in August 2022, I was very surprised to find that the person who is as popular as Saigo-san was Shimazu Nariakira. I knew that Saigo-san, Saigo Takamori, whose statue with his pet dog is in Ueno Park, was very popular among the people of Kagoshima, but I've never imagined Nariakira, a former load of Satsuma (an old name of Kagoshima), is so popular there.
Why was Nariakira Shimazu so popular? I have summarized the information I saw and heard in Kagoshima and gathered on the Internet. I wish you would be interested in reading this article.
Who is Shimazu Nariakira?
Shimazu Nariakira, the famous lord of Satsuma Domain (Kagoshima) at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, became the 11th lord of Satsuma Domain in 1851 after Oyura's disturbance at the age of 43. (Oyura's disturbance was a succession dispute over the successor to Shimazu Narioki, the former lord of the domain. It was caused by a conflict between a faction that wanted to make his concubine, Oyura's son, Shimazu Hisamitsu, the lord of the domain, and vassals who wanted Shimazu Nariakira, his legitimate son, to succeed to the domain. It led to great confusion.)
It is well known that he actively promoted young people from low-class families, such as Saigo Takamori and Okubo Toshimichi, who played a leading role in the Meiji Restoration.
At that time the Western powers had been colonizing various parts of Asia. For example, the Qing Kingdom, which was the largest power in the East, was defeated in the Opium War (1839-42). They concluded a peace treaty (Nanjing Treaty) saying Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom.
Therefore, Nariakira decided to modernize his military armaments to counter the West and worked hard to enrich and strengthen the Satsuma domain.
When Nariakira became the lord of the Satsuma Domain, he embarked on the Shuseikan Project which he had warmed up to for many years. His plan was to build Asia's first modern Western-style factory complex, and he ordered the clearing of bamboo thickets at the back of the Shimazu family's villa to secure the site. It is Iso district of Kagoshima City now.
First, they built a steel plant (a reverberatory furnace) to make large cannons, so that they could defeat foreign troops if they were attacked. The site is still preserved in Sengan-en, the Shimazu family's second residence.
First Western-style warship construction in Japan
In Japan of the Edo period, the construction of large ships was prohibited, so the technology for building ocean-going ships was scarce, but Nariakira, who thought that Western-style warships were necessary, submitted a request to the shogunate in February 1853 to build Western-style warships under the pretext of defending the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was under the protection of Satsuma at the time.
As there was the technology to build ocean-going ships for tribute to China in the Ryukyu Kingdom, officials of the Ryukyu royal government were also invited to build the Japan's first Western-style warship, "The 'Ryukyu artillery ship', later 'Shohei Maru'.
During this period, Perry's arrival at Uraga (July 1853) led to the lifting of the ban on the construction of large ships in October 1853.
The Shōhei Maru was 27 meters long and 7 meters wide, had three mast ships, and was equipped with 10 cannons.
《Launched in April 1854 and completed in January 1855.
In March, she leves Kagoshima for Edo.
In May, Shimazu Nariakira boards the ship to test firing a cannon.
In July, Tokugawa Nariaki and Tokugawa Yoshinobu of Mito Domain board the ship and conduct a shooting operation.
It is presented to the shogunate in September 1855.》
Birth of Satsuma Shochu Alcohol
Modernization of armaments required a large amount of ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol was obtained in the process of distilling rice shochu, but using rice was very expensive, and there was a shortage of food for the common people.
Therefore, he tried to mass-produce ethyl alcohol by producing sweet potatoes that grow well on the Shirasu Plateau in Kagoshima, which was said to be unsuitable for rice cultivation because it is made up with the layers of volcanic ash.
He continued to use this sweet potato shochu for military purposes, but eventually ordered improvements in the production method so that it could also be used for drinking. This led to the spread of sweet potato shochu from Satsuma to all over the country as a beverage.
I was very surprised to learn that Imo Shochu, which is still very famous, would not have been born without Nariakira.
Contribution to enriching Satsuma
Nariakira not only wanted to build a strong army to prevent Japan from being invaded by foreign countries, but also wanted to trade with foreign countries on an equal footing and make Japan a rich country.
Nariakira had his eye on European glassware imported from Nagasaki at the time. By adding techniques unique to the Japanese, who are dexterous with their hands, they succeeded in producing more artistic colored cut glass called Satsuma Kiriko.
In addition, Nariakira introduced new foreign techniques to the Satsuma clan's pottery making techniques, and completed Satsuma-yaki with vivid painting.
Both Satsuma Kiriko and Satsuma Ware were high value-added arts and crafts that had the potential to bring high profits to Japan in anticipation of future Japanese trade with foreign countries.
In fact, in the Meiji era, Satsuma ware was traded at a high price in Europe under the brand name "SATSUMA".
It is surprising that the creator of Satsuma kiriko and Satsuma ware was also Nariakira.
When Nariakira saw the yarn made in a European factory one day, he felt that if so many fine yarns were made by machines, the Japanese yarn made by hand was no match. He then developed a machine that spins yarn using a water wheel as power.
He was willing to adopt new technologies developed in Europe, such as making the first gas light in Japan, telegraphy, printing, and photography, and succeeded in developing them through repeated experiments.
Nariakira was a man who thought about and actually acted on how to enrich the lives of his people by mixing the traditional culture of the Japanese with new technologies imported from abroad.
At that time, the Saga domain and other parts of Japan were undergoing modern industrialization, but Nariakira's Shuseikan project was different from other domains in that it involved a wide range of projects, not only increasing military power but also encouraging new industry.
In the end
Nariakira died in 1858 (Ansei 5), before Japan entered the turmoil period at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, but his broad vision and advanced nature were so remarkable that he was said to be second to none among the feudal lords.
Kagoshima Castle (Tsurumaru Castle) was burned down in 1874 (Meiji 7), but the Kagoshima Prefectural Historical Records Center, Reimeikan, was built on the Honmaru (the main closure of the castle) ruins, and the Kagoshima Prefectural Library, Kagoshima City Museum of Art, Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, etc. were built on the Ninomaru (the second bailey) ruins.
Remnants include a stone wall, a moat, the remains of Demaru, the former site of Saigo Takamori's private school, and a stone bridge that spans the Otemon Gate.
The stone wall of the private school has many bullet holes that are said to have been inflicted during the Civil War called Seinan War.
The Otemon gate was restored by the Tsurumaru Castle Goroumon Restoration Committee and opened to the public in 2020 (Reiwa 2).
Right next to the ruins of Kagoshima Castle, there is a Terukuni Shrine with a large torii gate as a landmark, and its deity is Shimazu Nariakira, to my astonishment.
Japan's first photograph:
In 1848, Nariakira obtained the first daguerreotype camera ever imported into Japan, and ordered his retainers to study it and produce working photographs.
Due to the limitations of the lens used and the lack of formal training, it took many years for a quality photograph to be created, but on September 17, 1857, his portrait in formal attire was produced.
That was the year before he died.
This photograph became an object of worship in the Terukuni Shrine, also referred to as Shōkoku Shrine, after his death, but it later went missing.
Lost for a century, the daguerreotype was discovered in a warehouse in 1975 and was later determined to be the oldest daguerreotype in existence created by a Japanese photographer.
For this reason, it was designated an Important Cultural Property by the government of Japan in 1999, the first photograph ever given this honor.
① Preface (序文）
今回、自動翻訳がどのくらい役立つかという実験も含め、記事を書来ました。
まず、普通に日本語で島津斉彬公に関する記事を書き（④）、その後、google翻訳アプリで自動的に英文に翻訳しました（③）。さらにそこから、おかしな箇所や時制などを直し、読みやすい英文に書き直しています（②）。おかしな箇所は短文に直すなどしてから、手軽に使える「みらい翻訳」のアプリも使いました。
結論から言いうと、基になる日本語文が曖昧だと、自動翻訳は変な英訳になってしまいがちですが、その部分の日本語を簡潔にして再翻訳すると、かなりいい結果を得られることがわかりました。いい時代になりました。
ご興味ある方は、比べてみてください。
This time I wrote a paper, including an experiment on how useful automatic translation can be.
First, I wrote the article about Shimazu Nariakira all in Japanese（④）.
Next I had "automatic Google Translate app" translate it into English（③）.
Then I rewraote it into easy-to-read English.（②）. I just corrected strange parts and tenses using a handy Mirai Translate app.
In conclusion, if the original Japanese sentence is ambiguous, the automatic translation tends to be a strange English translation, but I've found that if I make the Japanese more concise and retranslate that part again, I get pretty good results. What a convenient time it is!
Compare them if you're interested.
② Second in popularity to Saigo-san? Shimazu Nariakira
《↓日本語のオリジナル記事を、google自動翻訳（日本語→英語）した後、名前の表現や時制、文章に修正を加えたものです。西郷隆盛やシラス台地の説明なども追加しました。黒字を茶色に反転させた部分が特に訂正した箇所です。
スラッシュリーディングできるように、スラッシュも入れているので、参考にしてみてください。》
When I visited Kagoshima for the first time in August 2022, /I was very surprised to find /that the person /who is as popular as Saigo-san /was Shimazu Nariakira.
I knew that Saigo-san, Saigo Takamori, /whose statue with his pet dog is in Ueno Park, /was very popular among the people of Kagoshima, /but I've never imagined/ Nariakira, a former load of Satsuma (an old name of Kagoshima),/ is so popular there.
Why was Nariakira Shimazu so popular?
I have summarized the information/ I saw and heard in Kagoshima/ and gathered on the Internet.
I wish /you would be interested in reading this article.
Who is Shimazu Nariakira?
Shimazu Nariakira, the famous lord of Satsuma Domain (Kagoshima) at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate,/ became the 11th lord of Satsuma Domain in 1851/ after Oyura's disturbance/ at the age of 43.
(Oyura's disturbance was a succession dispute/ over the successor to Shimazu Narioki,/ the former lord of the domain.
It was caused by a conflict/ between a faction/ that wanted to make his concubine, Oyura's son, Shimazu Hisamitsu,/ the lord of the domain,/ and vassals/ who wanted Shimazu Nariakira, his legitimate son,/ to succeed to the domain.
It led to great confusion.)
It is well known/ that he actively promoted young people/ from low-class families, such as Saigo Takamori and Okubo Toshimichi,/ who played a leading role in the Meiji Restoration.
*concubine=ｺﾝｷｭﾊﾞｲﾝﾇ=内縁の妻、側室
*legitimate=れｼﾞﾃｨﾐｯﾄｩ=正当な、嫡出の
*vassal=ばｯｻる=家臣
At that time/ the Western powers had been colonizing various parts of Asia.
For example,/ the Qing Kingdom,/ which was the largest power in the East,/ was defeated in the Opium War (1839-42).
They concluded a peace treaty (Nanjing Treaty)/ saying Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom.
Therefore,/ Nariakira decided to modernize his military armaments/ to counter the West/ and worked hard/ to enrich and strengthen the Satsuma domain.
*Qing=しﾝ=清国 （中国最後の王朝1644-1912)
*Opium=ｵｳﾋﾟｱﾑ=アヘン
*cede=ｽｨｰﾄﾞｩ=（権利・領土など）を割譲する（concede, give up to)
When Nariakira became the lord of the Satsuma Domain,// he embarked on the Shuseikan Project/ which he had warmed up to/ for many years.
His plan was to build Asia's first modern Western-style factory complex,// and he ordered the clearing of bamboo thickets/ at the back of the Shimazu family's villa/ to secure the site.
It is Iso district of Kagoshima City now.
*warm up to=（仕事など）に熱中する
*secure the site=場所を確保する
First,/ they built a steel plant (a reverberatory furnace)/ to make large cannons,/ so that they could defeat foreign troops/ if they were attacked.
The site is still preserved in Sengan-en,/ the Shimazu family's second residence.
《↑この部分は「みらい翻訳」無料ソフトを使用》
*reverberatory=ﾚﾊﾞ-ﾊﾞﾗﾄﾘｨ=反射式の
*furnace=ふｧｰﾅｽ=炉
First Western-style warship construction in Japan
In Japan of the Edo period,/ the construction of large ships was prohibited,// so the technology for building ocean-going ships/ was scarce,// but Nariakira,/ who thought that Western-style warships were necessary, /submitted a request to the shogunate in February 1853/ to build Western-style warships/ under the pretext of defending the Ryukyu Kingdom,/ which was under the protection of Satsuma at the time.
*scarce=ｽｹｱｽｩ=乏しい、供給の少ない（⇔plentiful)
*pretext=ﾌﾟﾘﾃｸｽﾄｩ=口実、言い訳
As there was the technology/ to build ocean-going ships for tribute to China in the Ryukyu Kingdom,/ officials of the Ryukyu royal government were also invited/ to build the Japan's first Western-style warship, / "The 'Ryukyu artillery ship',/ later 'Shohei Maru'.
《↑この部分は意味不明になったため自分で書き換えました》
*artillery=ｱｰﾃｨらﾘｨ=大砲 (cannon=昔の大砲、gun=個々の大砲）
During this period,/ Perry's arrival at Uraga (July 1853)/ led to the lifting of the ban/ on the construction of large ships in October 1853.
The Shōhei Maru was 27 meters long and 7 meters wide, /had three mast ships,/ and was equipped with 10 cannons.
《Launched in April 1854 and completed in January 1855.
In March, she leves Kagoshima for Edo.
In May, Shimazu Nariakira boards the ship to test firing a cannon.
In July, Tokugawa Nariaki and Tokugawa Yoshinobu of Mito Domain/ board the ship and conduct a shooting operation.
It is presented to the shogunate in September 1855.》
《↑歴史上の事柄、年表（a Chronological table)については現在時制》
*launch=（新造船）を推進させる
*complete=～を完成させる、竣工する
Birth of Satsuma Shochu Alcohol
Modernization of armaments/ required a large amount of ethyl alcohol.
Ethyl alcohol was obtained/ in the process of distilling rice shochu, //but using rice was very expensive,/ and there was a shortage of food for the common people.
*armaments=(古）軍備
Therefore,/ he tried to mass-produce ethyl alcohol/ by producing sweet potatoes/ that grow well on the Shirasu Plateau in Kagoshima, /which was said to be unsuitable for rice cultivation/ because it is made up with the layers of volcanic ash.
He continued to use this sweet potato shochu/ for military purposes, /but eventually ordered improvements in the production method/ so that it could also be used for drinking.
This led to the spread of sweet potato shochu/ from Satsuma to all over the country/ as a beverage.
I was very surprised to learn/ that Imo Shochu,/ which is still very famous,/ would not have been born without Nariakira.
*plateau=ﾌﾟらﾄｳ=台地
Contribution to enriching Satsuma
Nariakira not only wanted to build a strong army/ to prevent Japan from being invaded by foreign countries, /but also wanted to trade with foreign countries/ on an equal footing/ and make Japan a rich country.
Nariakira had his eye on European glassware/ imported from Nagasaki at the time.
By adding techniques unique to the Japanese, /who are dexterous with their hands,/ they succeeded in producing more artistic colored cut glass/ called Satsuma Kiriko.
In addition,/ Nariakira introduced new foreign techniques/ to the Satsuma clan's pottery making techniques,/ and completed Satsuma-yaki/ with vivid painting.
《↑この部分は日本語を少し書き換え、「みらい翻訳」無料ソフトを使用》
*dexterous=ﾃﾞｸｽﾀﾗｽｩ=（手先の）器用な、巧みな(=skillful)
Both Satsuma Kiriko and Satsuma Ware/ were high value-added arts and crafts/ that had the potential to bring high profits to Japan/ in anticipation of future Japanese trade with foreign countries.
In fact,/ in the Meiji era,/ Satsuma ware was traded at a high price in Europe/ under the brand name "SATSUMA".
*in anticipation of =～を予期して、見越して
It is surprising/ that the creator of Satsuma kiriko and Satsuma ware/ was also Nariakira.
When Nariakira saw the yarn/ made in a European factory one day,// he felt /that if so many fine yarns were made by machines,/ the Japanese yarn made by hand /was no match.
He then developed a machine/ that spins yarn/ using a water wheel as power.
He was willing to adopt new technologies/ developed in Europe, /such as making the first gas light in Japan,/ telegraphy, printing, and photography,/and succeeded in developing them /through repeated experiments.
*be no match≒be not competitive=競争力がない
Nariakira was a man/ who thought about and actually acted on/ how to enrich the lives of his people/ by mixing the traditional culture of the Japanese with new technologies/ imported from abroad.
At that time,/ the Saga domain and other parts of Japan/ were undergoing modern industrialization,// but Nariakira's Shuseikan project/ was different from other domains/ in that it involved a wide range of projects,/ not only increasing military power/ but also encouraging new industry.
《↑この部分は「みらい翻訳」無料ソフトを使用/ 通じる英語にになりました。》
In the end
Nariakira died in 1858 (Ansei 5), /before Japan entered the turmoil period at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate,// but his broad vision and advanced nature/ were so remarkable/ that he was said to be second to none/ among the feudal lords.
《↑この部分は「みらい翻訳」無料ソフトを使用/「言われていたそうです」を「言われていました」に直して翻訳すると、うまく行きました。》
Kagoshima Castle (Tsurumaru Castle) was burned down in 1874 (Meiji 7), /but the Kagoshima Prefectural Historical Records Center, Reimeikan,/ was built on the Honmaru (the main closure of the castle) ruins, /and the Kagoshima Prefectural Library, Kagoshima City Museum of Art, Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, etc./ were built on the Ninomaru (the second bailey) ruins.
Remnants include a stone wall, a moat, the remains of Demaru,/ the former site of Saigo Takamori's private school,/ and a stone bridge/ that spans the Otemon Gate.
The stone wall of the private school/ has many bullet holes/ that are said to have been inflicted/ during the Civil War called Seinan War.
*inflict=（損害、苦痛）を与える
The Otemon gate was restored by the Tsurumaru Castle Goroumon Restoration Committee/ and opened to the public in 2020 (Reiwa 2).
Right next to the ruins of Kagoshima Castle,/ there is a Terukuni Shrine with a large torii gate as a landmark,/ and its deity is Shimazu Nariakira, /to my astonishment.
Japan's first photograph:
《↓This part is from Wikipedia in English. What surprised me was the finer details than the Japanese ones.》
In 1848,/ Nariakira obtained the first daguerreotype camera/ ever imported into Japan, /and ordered his retainers/ to study it and produce working photographs.
Due to the limitations of the lens used/ and the lack of formal training,/ it took many years/ for a quality photograph to be created,/ but on September 17, 1857,/ his portrait in formal attire/ was produced.
That was the year/ before he died.
*attire=ｱﾀｲｱｰ=（特別な）服装
This photograph became an object of worship/ in the Terukuni Shrine, /also referred to as Shōkoku Shrine,/ after his death,// but it later went missing.
Lost for a century,/ the daguerreotype was discovered/ in a warehouse in 1975 /and was later determined to be the oldest daguerreotype in existence/ created by a Japanese photographer.
For this reason,/ it was designated an Important Cultural Property/ by the government of Japan in 1999,/ the first photograph ever given this honor.
③ Google自動翻訳
《↓日本語文からのgoogle自動翻訳（日本語→英語）をそのまま載せています。
より完璧な翻訳をするのに、意味不明なところや名前の読み間違え(NariakiraとすべきところをNariakiになっている）などを手直しすれば、初めから書くよりずっと簡単に作業できます。凄い時代になりました。
…ここでは、手直しをせず、自動翻訳をそのまま載せています。》
Second only to Saigo-san? Nariaki Shimazu
When I visited Kagoshima for the first time in August 2022, I was very surprised. I knew that Mr. Saigo (Takamori Saigo) was very popular with the people of Kagoshima, but the person who was as popular as Mr. Saigo was Nariaki Shimazu.
Why was Nariaki Shimazu so popular? I have summarized the information I saw and heard on the site and the information I gathered on the Internet, so if you are interested, I hope you will read it.
Who is Nariaki Shimazu?
Shimazu Nariakira, the famous lord of Satsuma Domain at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, became the 11th lord of Satsuma Domain in 1851 at the age of 43 after the Oyura Riots. (The Oyura Riot is a very famous major incident that occurred in a succession dispute over the succession of the previous feudal lord Shimazu Narioki, between a faction that wanted his concubine Shimazu Hisamitsu, son of Oyura, as the lord of the domain, and a vassal who wanted to enfeit the feudal lord of his illegitimate son, Shimazu Nariakira.)
It is well known that Nariaki actively promoted young people born into low-status families, such as Saigo Takamori and Okubo Toshimichi, who played a leading role in the Meiji Restoration.
At that time, the Qing Kingdom, which was the largest power in the East in the Opium War (1839~42), was defeated, the peace treaty (Nanjing Treaty) was concluded, Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom, and the Western powers were colonizing various parts of Asia.
Therefore, Nariaki decided to modernize his military armaments to counter the West, and devoted himself to the Satsuma Domain's Fukoku Strong Army.
When Nariakira became the lord of the Satsuma Domain, he embarked on the Shuseikan project, which would become Asia's first modern Western-style factory complex that had been warmed up for many years, and began construction of a group of factories centered on the bamboo bush behind the Shimazu family's villa (present-day Iso district of Kagoshima City).
First, we built a steelmaking facility (reverberation furnace) to make a large cannon so that we could defeat foreign armies even if they attacked. The remains are still preserved in Senganen, a separate residence of the Shimazu family.
Construction of the first Western-style warship in Japan
In the Japan of the Edo period, the construction of large ships was prohibited, so the technology for building ocean-going ships was poor, but Nariakira, who thought that Western-style warships were necessary, submitted a request to the shogunate in February 1853 to build Western-style warships in the name of defending the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was under the protection of Satsuma at the time.
In the Ryukyu Kingdom, because of the technology to build ocean-going ships for tribute to China, officials of the Ryukyu royal government were also invited to build the Japan's first Western-style warship ("Ryukyu Cannon Ship", later "Shōhei Maru").
During this period, Perry's arrival at Uraga (July 1853) led to the lifting of the ban on the construction of large ships in October 1853.
The Shohei Maru was a three-masted ship 27 meters long and 7 meters wide, equipped with 10 cannons. Launched in April 1854 and completed in January 1855. In March, she left Kagoshima for Edo.
In May, Nariaki Shimazu boarded the ship to test firing a cannon. JulyTokugawa Nariaki and Tokugawa Yoshiyoshi of Mito board the ship and conduct a shooting operation.
It was presented to the shogunate in September 1855. 》
The birth of Satsuma Shochu
Modernization of armaments requires a large amount of ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is obtained in the process of distilling rice shochu, but using rice is very expensive, and there is a shortage of food for the common people. Therefore, he tried to mass-produce ethyl alcohol by producing sweet potatoes that grow well on the Shirasu Plateau in Kagoshima, which was said to be unsuitable for rice cultivation.
He will continue to use this sweet potato shochu for military purposes, but eventually orders improvements in the production method so that it can also be used for drinking. This led to the spread of sweet potato shochu from Satsuma to all over the country as a beverage.
I was very surprised to learn that imo shochu, which is still very famous, would not have been born without Narihira.
Contribution to enriching Satsuma
Nariakira not only wanted to build a strong army to prevent Japan from being attacked by foreign countries, but also wanted to trade with foreign countries on an equal footing and make Japan a rich country.
What he noticed was European-made glassware imported from Nagasaki at the time. By adding to this the techniques unique to Japan people who are dexterous with their hands, we have created Satsuma Kiriko, a colored glass with a higher level of artistry.
In addition, Nariakira introduced new overseas techniques to the techniques of making Satsuma clan pottery to complete the brightly painted Satsuma ware.
Both Satsuma kiriko and Satsuma ware are high value-added arts and crafts that have the potential to bring high profits to Japan in anticipation of Japan trading with foreign countries in the future. In fact, in the Meiji era, Satsuma ware was traded at a high price in Europe under the brand name "SATSUMA".
It is surprising that the creator of Satsuma kiriko and Satsuma ware was also Nariakira.
At one point, when he saw yarn made in a factory in Europe, he felt that if such wonderful yarn was made in large quantities by machines, the yarn made by hand would not be Japan possible, so he developed a machine that spun yarn using a water wheel as power. In addition, we made the first gas lamp in Japan, willingly incorporated new technologies developed in Europe, such as telegraphy, printing, and photography, and repeated experiments and succeeded in development.
Qiao was a person who thought about how to enrich the lives of the people by mixing the traditional culture of Japan people with new technologies imported from abroad, and actually took action. At that time, modern industrialization was being promoted in various places such as the Saga Domain Japan, but Nariakira's Shuseikan business was developed in a wide range of businesses, and it was distinguished from other domains in that it not only increased military power but also expanded to the field of cultivation and industry.
Conclusion
Nariaki died in 1858 (Ansei 5), before the Japan entered the turmoil period of the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, but his broad perspective and advancement are said to be unparalleled among feudal lords. It seems that it was outstanding.
Kagoshima Castle (Tsurumaru Castle) was burned down in 1874 (Meiji 7), but the Kagoshima Prefectural Historical Records Center Reimeikan is built on the Honmaru ruins, and the Kagoshima Prefectural Library, Kagoshima City Museum of Art, Kagoshima Prefectural Museum, etc. are built on the Ninomaru ruins.
Remains include stone walls and moats, the remains of Demaru, the site of Saigo Takamori's private school, and the stone bridge between them and Otemon gate.
The stone wall of the private school has many bullet holes that are said to have been inflicted during the Civil War.
The Otemon gate was restored by the Tsurumaru Castle Goroumon Restoration Committee and opened to the public in 2020 (Reiwa 2).
Right next to the ruins of Kagoshima Castle, there is a Terukuni Shrine with a large torii gate as a landmark, and the deity was Shimazu Nariakira.
First photo on Japan:
《↓This article was translated from the English version of Wikipedia →Japanese. I was surprised that it was more detailed than the description on Wikipedia in Japanese》
1848, having obtained the first daguerreotype camera imported to Japan, Qi Bin ordered his vassals to study and produce practical photographs. However, due to the limitations of the lenses used and the lack of formal training, it took a long time to produce high-quality photos. On September 17, 1857, a portrait photograph of Qiu Bin in full dress was produced. It was the year before he died.
This photo became the deity of Terukuni Shrine after Nariakira's death, but was later missing. The daguerreotype, which had been lost for a century, was discovered in a warehouse in 1975 and later turned out to be the oldest surviving daguerreotype created by a Japan photographer. In 1999, the Japan government recognized it as the first photograph and designated it as an important cultural property.
④ 西郷さんに次ぐ人気? 島津斉彬
2022年8月、初めて鹿児島を訪れて、私がとても驚いたことがあります。それは、西郷さん（西郷隆盛）は鹿児島の人にとても人気があると知っていたのですが、西郷さんに負けず劣らずの人気を誇っている人物が、島津斉彬ということでした。
なぜ、島津斉彬がそれほど人気だったか。現地で見聞きした情報とネットで集めた情報をまとめてみたので、興味のある方は読んでいただけたらと思います。
島津斉彬とは？
幕末きっての名君と名高い薩摩藩主、島津斉彬は、1851年、お由羅騒動の後、43歳の時に第11代薩摩藩主へ就任しました。 （お由羅騒動とは、前藩主の島津斉興の後継者を巡る跡継ぎ争いで、彼の側室のお由羅の子・島津久光を藩主にしようとする一派と、嫡子・島津斉彬の藩主襲封を願う家臣の対立により起きた、超有名な大事件です。）
斉彬は、明治維新の立役者となった西郷隆盛や大久保利通など、身分の低い家柄に生まれた若者たちを積極的に登用したことは良く知られています。
当時、アヘン戦争（1839～42年）で東洋一の大国であった清国が敗戦し、その講和条約（南京条約）が締結され、香港島がイギリスに割譲されるなど、西欧列強がアジア各地で植民地化を進めていました。
そこで、斉彬は、西欧に対抗するために軍備の近代化を行うことを決意し、薩摩藩の富国強兵に尽力しました。
斉彬は薩摩藩主に就任すると、長年温めてきたアジア初の近代的西洋式工場群となる集成館事業（しゅうせいかんじぎょう）計画に着手し、島津家の別荘の裏の竹やぶ（現在の鹿児島市磯地区）を中心に、工場群の建設に取り掛かりました。
まず、外国の軍隊が攻めてきても打ち払うことができるように、大きな大砲をつくるための製鉄設備（反射炉）を作りました。その跡は、現在も島津家の別邸である「仙厳園（せんがんえん）」に保存されています。
日本で最初の洋式軍艦建設
江戸時代の日本では、大型船舶の建造を禁止していたため、外洋船の建造技術は乏しかったのですが、洋式軍艦が必要と考えた斉彬は、1853年2月、幕府に対して、当時薩摩の庇護下にあった琉球王国の防衛を名目に、洋式軍艦の建造願いを提出しました。
琉球王国では、中国への朝貢のために外洋船の建造技術があったため、琉球王府の官吏も招き、日本初の洋式軍艦（「琉大砲船」、のちの「昇平丸」）を建造しました。
この間、ペリーの浦賀来航(1853年7月）をきっかけに、1853年10月、大船建造禁止令は解除されました。
《昇平丸は、長さ27m、幅約7m、3本のマスト船で、大砲10門を備えていたとのこと。1854年4月に進水、1855年1月に竣工。3月に鹿児島を出航して江戸に向かう。
5月、島津斉彬が乗船して大砲の発車試験を行う。7月水戸の徳川斉昭と徳川慶喜が乗船して射撃運転を行う。
1855年9月に幕府に献上される。》
薩摩焼酎の誕生
軍備の近代化には大量のエチルアルコールが必要です。エチルアルコールは米焼酎を蒸留する過程で得られるのですが、米を使うと非常に高いコストがかかってしまい、庶民が食べる分も不足してしまいます。そこで彼は、稲作に適さないと言われた鹿児島のシラス台地でもよく育つサツマイモを使って芋焼酎を製造し、エチルアルコールを量産しようとしました。
彼は、この芋焼酎を軍備用として活用していきますが、やがて飲料用としても利用できるように製造方法の改良を命じます。これをきっかけに、芋焼酎が飲料用として薩摩から全国各地へ広まっていったのです。
今でも超有名な芋焼酎は、斉彬なしには生まれていなかったと知り、大変驚きました。
薩摩を豊かにするための貢献
斉彬は、日本が外国から攻め込まれないように強い軍隊をつくろうとしただけでなく、外国と対等に貿易を行い、日本を豊かな国にしようと考えていました。
斉彬が目をつけたのは、当時長崎から輸入されていたヨーロッパ製のガラス器でした。これに手先が器用な日本人特有の技術を加味して、より芸術性の高い色ガラス・薩摩切子を産み出しました。
さらに、斉彬は、薩摩藩の陶器を作る技術に、海外の新しい技術を導入して、鮮やかな絵付けを施した薩摩焼を完成させました。
薩摩切子も薩摩焼も、将来日本が外国と貿易をすることを見越して、日本に高い利益をもたらす可能性のある付加価値の高い美術工芸品です。実際、薩摩焼は明治時代になると「SATSUMA」のブランド名で、ヨーロッパで高値で取引されることになりました。
薩摩切子と薩摩焼の生みの親も斉彬であったとは、びっくりです。
ある時、ヨーロッパの工場で作られた糸を見た斉彬は、こんなにすばらしい糸が機械によって大量につくられているのなら、手作業で作っている日本の糸はとうていかなわないと感じ、水車を動力に用いて糸を紡ぐ機械を開発しました。また、ガス灯を日本で初めて作ったり、電信、印刷、写真など、ヨーロッパで開発された新しい技術を進んで取り入れ、実験を繰り返し、開発に成功しました。
斉彬は、日本人が従来から持っている文化に、外国から入ってきた新しい技術をミックスさせて、国民の生活を豊かにするためにはどうすればいいかを考え、実際に行動した人でした。当時佐賀藩など日本各地で近代工業化が進められていましたが、斉彬の集成館事業は幅広い事業を展開し、軍事力の増大だけではなく、殖産興業の分野まで広がっている点が他藩と一線を画しています。
最後に
斉彬は、1858年（安政5年）、日本が本格的な幕末の混乱期に突入する前にこの世を去ってしまいましたが、視野の広さと先進性は藩主のなかでは他に並ぶ者がいないと言われる程、飛び抜けていたそうです。
なお、鹿児島城（鶴丸城）は、1874年（明治7年）に焼失てしまいましたが、本丸跡に鹿児島県歴史資料センター黎明館、二の丸跡には鹿児島県立図書館、鹿児島市立美術館、鹿児島県立博物館などが建っています。
遺構として石垣や堀、西郷隆盛の私学校跡地である出丸跡、大手門との間に架かる石橋が現存しています。
私学校の石垣には西南戦争の際についたといわれる弾痕が数多く残っています。
大手門にあたる御楼門は鶴丸城御楼門復元委員会によって復元され、2020年（令和2年）に一般公開が始まりました。
鹿児島城跡のすぐそばには、大きな鳥居が目印になる照国（てるくに）神社があるのですが、その祭神は、なんと島津斉彬でした。
日本で最初の写真：
《↓この記事はウイキペディアの英語バージョンから翻訳（英語→日本語）しました。何と、日本語のウイキペディアの記述より詳しく、驚きました。》
1848年、日本に初めて輸入されたダゲレオタイプのカメラを入手した斉彬は、家臣に研究と実用写真の製作を命じました。しかし、使用するレンズの限界や正規の訓練を受けていなかったため、質の高い写真ができるまでに長い年月を要しました。1857年9月17日、正装した斉彬の肖像写真が制作されました。彼の亡くなる前年のことでした。
この写真は斉彬の死後、照国神社の御神体となりましたが、後に行方不明となっていました。1世紀の間失われていたダゲレオタイプは1975年に倉庫で発見され、後に日本人写真家によって作成された現存する最古のダゲレオタイプであることが判明しました。 1999年、日本政府はこれを最初の写真と認め、重要文化財に指定しました。
