《2023年9月23日 更新》
1923 Great Kanto earthquake/関東大震災
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1923 Great Kanto earthquake/関東大震災
Destroyed shops lined along the street toward Sensō-ji temple in Asakusa, with walking people, 1923. Both the middle gate (center) and the pagoda (left, lost later) is pictured standing.
The ruined Ryōunkaku in Asakusa, which was later demolished
UTC time / 1923-09-01 02:58:35
ISC event / 911526
USGS-ANSS/ ComCat
Local date/ September 1, 1923
Local time/ 11:58:32 JST (UTC+09:00)
Duration/ 4 min 48 sec
Magnitude/ 7.9–8.2 Mw
Depth/ 23 km (14 mi)
Epicenter/ 35°19.6′N 139°8.3′E / 35.3267°N 139.1383°E
Fault/ Sagami Trough
Type/ Megathrust
Areas affected/ Japan
Max. intensity/ XI (Extreme) JMA 7
Peak acceleration/ ~ 0.41 g (est) ~ 400 gal (est)
Tsunami/ Up to 12 m (39 ft) in Atami, Shizuoka, Tōkai
Landslides/ Yes
Aftershocks/ 6 of 7.0 M or higher
Casualties/ 105,385–142,800 deaths
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin; Kantō ō-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll.
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.
In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, the Kantō Massacre began. Rumors emerged that ethnic Koreans in Japan had poisoned wells or were planning to attack cities. In response, the Japanese police and bands of armed vigilantes killed ethnic Korean civilians and anyone they suspected of being Korean. Estimates of the death toll vary, with most third-party sources citing around 6,000 to 10,000.
Since 1960, September 1 has been designated by the Japanese government as Disaster Prevention Day (防災の日, Bōsai no hi), or a day in remembrance of and to prepare for major natural disasters including tsunami and typhoons. Drills, as well as knowledge promotion events, are centered around that date as well as awards ceremonies for people of merit.
Earthquake
The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor:
At 11.55 a.m. ship commenced to tremble and vibrate violently and on looking towards the shore it was seen that a terrible earthquake was taking place, buildings were collapsing in all directions and in a few minutes nothing could be seen for clouds of dust. When these cleared away fire could be seen starting in many directions and in half an hour the whole city was in flames.This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tonnes, almost 60 centimeters.
Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. According to the Japanese construction company Kajima Kobori Research's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The damage from this natural disaster was one of the greatest sustained by Imperial Japan. In 1960, on the 37th anniversary of the quake, the government declared September 1 an annual "Disaster Prevention Day".
Damage and deaths
Because the earthquake struck when people were cooking meals, many were killed as a result of large fires that broke out. Fires started immediately after the earthquake. Some fires developed into firestorms that swept across cities. Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire whirl that engulfed the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho (formerly the Army Clothing Depot) in downtown Tokyo, where about 38,000 people who had taken shelter there during the earthquake were incinerated. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.
A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly.
The Emperor and Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo, and were never in any danger. American Acting Consul General Max David Kirjassoff and his wife Alice Josephine Ballantine Kirjassoff died in the earthquake. The consulate itself lost the entirety of its records in the subsequent fires.
Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. A collapsing mountainside in the village of Nebukawa, west of Odawara, pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers, along with the railway station, into the sea.
The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama harbor when the earthquake struck. It narrowly survived and assisted in rescuing 2000 survivors. A P&O liner, Dongola, was also in the harbor at the moment of disaster and rescued 505 people, taking them to Kobe.
A tsunami with waves up to 10 m (33 ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bōsō Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. The tsunami caused many deaths, including about 100 people along Yui-ga-hama Beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kantō to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The damage is estimated to have exceeded US$1 billion (or about $17 billion today). There were 57 aftershocks.
Ensuing violence
Main article: Kantō Massacre
Ethnic Koreans were massacred after the earthquake. The Home Ministry declared martial law and ordered all sectional police chiefs to make maintenance of order and security a top priority. A false rumor was spread that Koreans were taking advantage of the disaster, committing arson and robbery, and were in possession of bombs. Anti-Korean sentiment was heightened by fear of the Korean independence movement. In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. Independent reports said the number of dead was far higher, ranging from 6,000 to 10,000.16 17 18 Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. The numerous fires and cloudy well water, a little-known effect of a large quake, all seemed to confirm the rumors of the panic-stricken survivors who were living amidst the rubble. Vigilante groups set up roadblocks in cities, and tested civilians with a shibboleth for supposedly Korean-accented Japanese: deporting, beating, or killing those who failed. Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. Of the 3,000 Koreans taken into custody at the Army Cavalry Regiment base in Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, 10% were killed at the base, or after being released into nearby villages. Moreover, anyone mistakenly identified as Korean, such as Chinese, Ryukyuans, and Japanese speakers of some regional dialects, suffered the same fate. About 700 Chinese, mostly from Wenzhou, were killed. A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou.
In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. The chief of police of Tsurumi (or Kawasaki by some accounts) is reported to have publicly drunk the well water to disprove the rumor that Koreans had been poisoning wells. In some towns, even police stations into which Korean people had escaped were attacked by mobs, whereas in other neighborhoods, civilians took steps to protect them. The Army distributed flyers denying the rumor and warning residents against attacking Koreans, but in many cases, vigilante activity only ceased as a result of Army operations against it. In several documented cases, soldiers and policemen participated in the killings, and in other cases, authorities handed groups of Koreans over to local vigilantes, who proceeded to kill them.
Amidst the mob violence against Koreans in the Kantō Region, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. Socialists such as Hirasawa Keishichi (平澤計七), anarchists such as Sakae Ōsugi and Noe Itō, and the Chinese communal leader, Ō Kiten (王希天), were abducted and killed by local police and Imperial Army, who claimed the radicals intended to use the crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government.
Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses, and perpetrators.
The importance of obtaining and providing accurate information following natural disasters has been emphasized in Japan ever since. Earthquake preparation literature in modern Japan almost always directs citizens to carry a portable radio and use it to listen to reliable information, and not to be misled by rumors in the event of a large earthquake.
Aftermath
Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the capital elsewhere. Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed.
Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. In the long run, the response to the disaster was a strong sense that Japan had been given an unparalleled opportunity to rebuild the city and rebuild Japanese values. In reconstructing the city, the nation, and the Japanese people, the earthquake fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy and national renovation in interwar Japan.
After the earthquake, Gotō Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. Parks were placed all over Tokyo as refuge spots, and public buildings were constructed with stricter standards than private buildings to accommodate refugees. The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources.
Frank Lloyd Wright received credit for designing the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, to withstand the quake, although in fact the building was damaged, though standing, by the shock. The destruction of the US embassy caused Ambassador Cyrus Woods to relocate the embassy to the hotel. Wright's structure withstood the anticipated earthquake stresses, and the hotel remained in use until 1968. The innovative design used to construct the Imperial Hotel, and its structural fortitude, inspired the creation of the popular Lincoln Logs toy.
The unfinished battlecruiser Amagi was in drydock being converted into an aircraft carrier in Yokosuka in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The earthquake damaged the ship's hull beyond repair, leading it to be scrapped, and the unfinished fast battleship Kaga was converted into an aircraft carrier in its place.
In contrast to London, where typhoid fever had been steadily declining since the 1870s, the rate in Tokyo remained high, more so in the upper-class residential northern and western districts than in the densely populated working-class eastern district. An explanation is the decline of waste disposal, which became particularly serious in the northern and western districts when traditional methods of waste disposal collapsed due to urbanization. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure.
The Honda Point Disaster on the West Coast of the United States, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 people died, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan.
Memory
Beginning in 1960, every September 1st is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. Schools and public and private organizations host disaster drills. Tokyo is located near a fault zone beneath the Izu Peninsula which, on average, causes a major earthquake about once every 70 years, and is also located near the Sagami Trough, a large subduction zone that has potential for large earthquakes. Every year on this date, schools across Japan take a moment of silence at the precise time the earthquake hit in memory of the lives lost.
Some discreet memorials are located in Yokoamicho Park in Sumida Ward, at the site of the open space in which an estimated 38,000 people were killed by a single fire whirl. The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings.
In fiction
In written or graphic novels
In the historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata) a supernatural explanation is given for the cause of the Great Kantō earthquake, connecting it with the principles of feng shui.
In Yasunari Kawabata's 1930 novel The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa several chapters deal with the Great Kantō earthquake.
In the TV adaptation of the Pachinko Novel by Min Jin Lee, a young Hansu escapes Yokohama with his father's former Yakuza employer, Ryoichi, from the Great Kantō Earthquake. The Great Kantō Earthquake is not featured in the book.
In Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, Mary Mackenzie survives the earthquake, and later bases her clothes designing company in one of the few buildings that remained standing in the aftermath.
In TV, film or animation
The earthquake is recreated in the 1983 asadora Oshin, from episode 114 to 117, showing the financial and human losses the disaster caused, as the new factory Oshin and her husband Ryuzo built is destroyed, and their faithful retainer Genji dies protecting their son Yu. The earthquake becomes a major a plot point as it drives the family to move to Saga, to live with Ryuzo's parents.
An incident after the Great Kanto earthquake is recreated in the 1998 film, After Life, known in Japanese as Wandafuru Raifu (or Wonderful Life). Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the plot takes place in a way station for those who have just died. The newly deceased will take their happiest memory with them into the afterlife. One of the newly deceased has a memory of being in the woods after the earthquake.
Michiyo Akaishi's josei manga Akatsuki no Aria features the earthquake in volume 8. Several places frequented by the protagonist Aria Kanbara, like her boarding school and the house of the rich Nishimikado clan that she is an illegitimate member of, become shelters for the wounded and the homeless. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage.
In Yuu Watase's 2017 josei manga Fushigi Yûgi Byakko Senki, the heroine Suzuno Osugi enters The Universe of the Four Gods for the first time right after the earthquake: her father Takao, who is dying from injuries he suffered when the family house fatally collapsed on him and Suzuno's mother Tamayo, orders her to do so, so she will survive the disaster and its aftermath. After a brief time there, she's sent back to the already destroyed Tokyo, and she, alongside her soon-to-be love interest Seiji Horie and two young boys named Hideo and Kenichi, is taken in by a friend of the late Takao, Dr. Oikawa.
Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tōru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kantō earthquake—which happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. Benio barely survives when the Christian church she's getting married in collapses, and then she finds her long-lost love Shinobu whose other love interest Larissa is among the victims; they get back together, and Tousei allows them to.
In Makiko Hirata's josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku the story finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. The earthquake happens just as the marriage between Akiko and her fiancé Kiyosu Saionji is announced. Sara is in the streets, and Taka is taking Sara's brother Junichirou to a hospital after he was injured in a yakuza-related incident. The Hashou's mansion is destroyed, leading to an emotional confrontation between Akiko and Saionji; meanwhile, Sara's humble house in the suburbia is also destroyed and her and Junichirou's mother dies of injuries she sustained in the earthquake.
Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kantō earthquake in the film.
In the 2013 animated film by director Hayao Miyazaki, The Wind Rises, the protagonist Jiro Horikoshi is traveling to Tokyo by train to study engineering. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city.
Part of the story in the manga and anime Taisho Otome Fairy Tale (by Sana Kirioka) happens during the earthquake. At that time Yuzuki was in Tokyo visiting a friend, causing Tamahiko to worry, and follow her to Tokyo.
In the 2022 animated film Suzume no Tojimari, directed by Makoto Shinkai, the earthquake is briefly alluded to in a segment recounting Tokyo's devastation 100 years prior.
1923 Great Kanto earthquake/関東大震災の翻訳と解説Destroyed shops lined along the street toward Sensō-ji temple in Asakusa, with walking people, 1923. Both the middle gate (center) and the pagoda (left, lost later) is pictured standing.
The ruined Ryōunkaku in Asakusa, which was later demolished
1923年関東大震災浅草の浅草寺に向かう通り沿いに並ぶ店が破壊され、歩く人がいる、1923年。中央の門(中央)と塔(左、後で失われた)の両方が立っている写真です。
後に取り壊された浅草の廃墟となった龍雲閣
UTC time / 1923-09-01 02:58:35
* UTC=協定世界時/Universal Time Cordinated
ISC event / 911526
USGS-ANSS/ ComCat
Local date/ September 1, 1923
Local time/ 11:58:32 JST (UTC+09:00)
*JST=日本標準時間/Japan Standard Time
Duration/ 4 min 48 sec
*duration=ﾃﾞｭｧﾚｲｼｮﾝﾇ=持続（時間）
Magnitude/ 7.9–8.2 Mw
Depth/ 23 km (14 mi)
Epicenter/ 35°19.6′N 139°8.3′E / 35.3267°N 139.1383°E
UTC時間 / 1923-09-01 02:58:35
ISCイベント / 911526
USGS-ANSS/ ComCat 現地日付/1923年9月1日
現地時間/ 11:58:32 日本標準時間 (UTC+9時間)
期間/ 4分48秒
規模マグニチュード/ 7.9-.8.2 Mw
（震源の）深さ/ 23km (14 mi)
震源地/ 北緯35度19分、東経139度8.3分
Fault/ Sagami Trough
Type/ Megathrust
Areas affected/ Japan
Max. intensity/ XI (Extreme) JMA 7
Peak acceleration/ ~ 0.41 g (est) ~ 400 gal (est)
Tsunami/ Up to 12 m (39 ft) in Atami, Shizuoka, Tōkai
Landslides Yes
Aftershocks 6 of 7.0 M or higher
Casualties/ 105,385–142,800 deaths
断層/相模トラフ
タイプ/ メガスラスト （海溝型地震）
被災地/日本
最大強度/ XI (極端) 気象庁 0 ピーク加速度/ ~ 41.400 g (推定) ~ 12 ガロン (推定) 津波/ 最大12m (39ft)、熱海、静岡、東海にて
地すべり / あり
余震 7 0.105
M以上
死傷者/ 105,385-142,800 死亡
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin; Kantō ō-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll.
*a fire whirl=a fire tornado=ﾄｰﾈｲﾄﾞｳ/火の大旋風
関東大地震(関東大地震、関東大地震;関東大事信)が打たれた 本州の関東平野 58:44:02 JST (58:44:1 UTC)1923年7月9日土曜日。さまざまなアカウントは期間を示します 地震の6分から000分の間でした。大規模な火災 そして、火の渦でさえ死者数に追加されました。
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.
*rupture=ﾗﾌﾟﾁｬｰ=破裂、～を破裂させる、裂く（=tear)
*trough=ﾄﾗふ=トラフ、くぼみ
地震のマグニチュードはモーメントマグニチュードスケール(Mw)で10.000でした。 相模湾の伊豆大島深部に焦点をあてています。原因 フィリピン海が収束する境界の一部の破裂でした プレートは相模の線に沿ってオホーツクプレートの下に沈み込んでいます トラフ。
In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, the Kantō Massacre began. Rumors emerged that ethnic Koreans in Japan had poisoned wells or were planning to attack cities. In response, the Japanese police and bands of armed vigilantes killed ethnic Korean civilians and anyone they suspected of being Korean. Estimates of the death toll vary, with most third-party sources citing around 6,000 to 10,000.
*Massacre=ﾏｻｶｰ=大虐殺
*ethnic=民族の、（現在の国籍ではなく）祖先の地の
地震の直後、関東大虐殺が始まりました。 日本在住の朝鮮人が井戸に毒を入れたり、町を攻撃する計画をしているという噂が浮上した。これを受けて、日本の警察や一帯の武装した自警団員は、朝鮮人や彼らが朝鮮人と疑った人を殺害した。 死者数の推定値はさまざまで、ほとんどのサードパーティがいます 約1960,1から<>,<>を引用する情報源。
Since 1960, September 1 has been designated by the Japanese government as Disaster Prevention Day (防災の日, Bōsai no hi), or a day in remembrance of and to prepare for major natural disasters including tsunami and typhoons. Drills, as well as knowledge promotion events, are centered around that date as well as awards ceremonies for people of merit.
*people of merit=people who did something good
>年以来、<>月<>日は日本政府によって指定されています 防災の日(防災の日、防災の日)、または記念の日として 津波や台風などの大規模自然災害に備えるため。 訓練や知識促進イベントは、それを中心にしています 日付と功労者のための授賞式。
Earthquake
The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor:
At 11.55 a.m. ship commenced to tremble and vibrate violently and on looking towards the shore it was seen that a terrible earthquake was taking place, buildings were collapsing in all directions and in a few minutes nothing could be seen for clouds of dust. When these cleared away fire could be seen starting in many directions and in half an hour the whole city was in flames.This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tonnes, almost 60 centimeters.
Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. According to the Japanese construction company Kajima Kobori Research's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
*presumed= 推定された
The damage from this natural disaster was one of the greatest sustained by Imperial Japan. In 1960, on the 37th anniversary of the quake, the government declared September 1 an annual "Disaster Prevention Day".
地震
SSドンゴラの船長は、横浜に停泊している間に次のように報告しました。 内港：
午前11時55分、船は激しく震え、振動し始めました 岸に向かって、ひどい地震が起こっているのが見えました、 建物は四方八方に崩壊し、数分で何もありませんでした ほこりの雲のために見ることができました。これらが火を消したとき、 多くの方向から始まり、<>分で街全体が 炎の中で。
この地震は東京、港町横浜、そしてその周辺を壊滅させました 千葉県、神奈川県、静岡県、広範囲に被害をもたらした 関東地方全域。地震の力は非常に大きかったので、 鎌倉は、震源地から60 km(37マイル)以上離れており、大仏を動かしました 重さ約121トン、約60センチの像。
推定死傷者は、約40,000人を含む合計約142,800人の死者でした 行方不明になり、死亡したと推定された人。日本の構造によると 会社鹿島小堀リサーチの2004年9月最終報告書、105,385 1923年の地震で死亡が確認されました。
この自然災害による被害は、大日本帝国が受けた最大の被害の1つでした。1960年、震災から37周年を迎えた政府は、毎年9月1日を「防災の日」と定めました。
Damage and deaths
Because the earthquake struck when people were cooking meals, many were killed as a result of large fires that broke out. Fires started immediately after the earthquake. Some fires developed into firestorms that swept across cities. Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire whirl that engulfed the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho (formerly the Army Clothing Depot) in downtown Tokyo, where about 38,000 people who had taken shelter there during the earthquake were incinerated. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.
*tarmac=ﾀｰﾏｯｸ=《商標》（道路舗装などに昔使っていた）タール
*incinerate=～を灰化する、焼いて灰にする
A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly.
The Emperor and Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo, and were never in any danger. American Acting Consul General Max David Kirjassoff and his wife Alice Josephine Ballantine Kirjassoff died in the earthquake. The consulate itself lost the entirety of its records in the subsequent fires.
*entirety=ｴﾝﾀｲｱﾃｨ=全体
Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. A collapsing mountainside in the village of Nebukawa, west of Odawara, pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers, along with the railway station, into the sea.
The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama harbor when the earthquake struck. It narrowly survived and assisted in rescuing 2000 survivors. A P&O liner, Dongola, was also in the harbor at the moment of disaster and rescued 505 people, taking them to Kobe.
*RMS=Railway Mail Service
A tsunami with waves up to 10 m (33 ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bōsō Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. The tsunami caused many deaths, including about 100 people along Yui-ga-hama Beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kantō to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The damage is estimated to have exceeded US$1 billion (or about $17 billion today). There were 57 aftershocks.
*causeway=ｺｰｽﾞｳｴｲ=土手道
被害と死
人々が食事を作っているときに地震が発生したため、多くの人が 発生した大規模な火災の結果として殺されました。火災はすぐに始まりました 地震の後。いくつかの火事は、一掃された火の嵐に発展しました 市町村。多くの人が溶けた舗装路に足が引っかかって亡くなりました。 最大の人命の損失は、飲み込んだ火の渦によって引き起こされました ダウンタウンにある陸郡本庄日福所(旧陸軍衣料品基地) 東京には、約38,000人が避難した。 地震は焼却されました。地震は至る所で水道本管を壊しました 街、そして火を消すのは遅くまでほぼ丸2日かかりました 9月3日の朝。
石川県能登半島沖を震源とする強い台風は、地震とほぼ同時に東京湾に強風をもたらしました。これらの風は火を急速に広げました。
天皇皇后両陛下は地震が起きたとき、日光に滞在していました 東京、そして決して危険にさらされることはありませんでした。アメリカ総領事代理マックス デビッド・キルジャソフと彼の妻アリス・ジョセフィン・バランタイン・キルジャソフが亡くなりました 地震で。領事館自体はその記録全体を失いました その後の火災で。
神奈川県西部の山間部や丘陵地帯の海岸地域では、多くの家屋が土砂崩れに埋もれたり流されたりしました。約800人が死亡した。小田原の西にある根府川村の山腹が崩れ落ち、村全体と100人以上の乗客を乗せた旅客列車と鉄道駅が海に押し出されました。
オーストラリアのRMS皇后両陛下が横浜港を出港しようとしていたとき、 地震が襲った。それはかろうじて生き残り、2000人の生存者を救助するのを助けました。 P&O定期船Dongolaも災害の瞬間に港にいました そして505人を救助し、神戸に連れて行った。
高さ10 m(33フィート)までの波を伴う津波が相模の海岸を襲った 湾、房総半島、伊豆諸島、伊豆半島東海岸内 議事録。津波は、約100人を含む多くの死者を出しました 鎌倉の由比ヶ浜と江の島の推定50人 土手道。57万戸以上の家屋が破壊され、推定190万戸が残った ホームレス。避難者は関東から神戸まで船で運ばれた 関西で。被害額は10億米ドルを超えたと推定されています(または約 今日は170億ドル)。余震は57回ありました。
Ensuing violence
Main article: Kantō Massacre
Ethnic Koreans were massacred after the earthquake. The Home Ministry declared martial law and ordered all sectional police chiefs to make maintenance of order and security a top priority. A false rumor was spread that Koreans were taking advantage of the disaster, committing arson and robbery, and were in possession of bombs. Anti-Korean sentiment was heightened by fear of the Korean independence movement. In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. Independent reports said the number of dead was far higher, ranging from 6,000 to 10,000.16 17 18 Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells.
The numerous fires and cloudy well water, a little-known effect of a large quake, all seemed to confirm the rumors of the panic-stricken survivors who were living amidst the rubble. Vigilante groups set up roadblocks in cities, and tested civilians with a shibboleth for supposedly Korean-accented Japanese: deporting, beating, or killing those who failed. Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. Of the 3,000 Koreans taken into custody at the Army Cavalry Regiment base in Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, 10% were killed at the base, or after being released into nearby villages. Moreover, anyone mistakenly identified as Korean, such as Chinese, Ryukyuans, and Japanese speakers of some regional dialects, suffered the same fate. About 700 Chinese, mostly from Wenzhou, were killed. A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou.
*cloudy=透明でない
*rubble=瓦礫（がれき）
*vigilante=《形》絶えず警戒する
*regiment連隊
その後の暴力
主な記事: 関東大虐殺 震災後、朝鮮民族が虐殺
された。内務省は宣言した 戒厳令とすべての部門警察署長にメンテナンスを命じた 秩序とセキュリティの最優先事項。韓国人がいるという誤った噂が広まった 災害を利用し、放火や強盗を犯し、 爆弾を所持していた。恐怖によって反韓感情が高まった 韓国独立運動の。震災後の混乱の中、 暴徒による韓国人の大量殺戮が東京と横浜の都市部で発生し、煽られた 反乱と妨害の噂によって。政府は231人の韓国人が 9月の第1週に東京と横浜で暴徒に殺害された。 独立した報告によると、死者の数ははるかに多く、 6,000 から 10,000.16 17 18 一部の新聞は、次のような噂を事実として報道しました。 韓国人が井戸を毒殺していたという主張。
多数の火災と 濁った井戸水、大地震のあまり知られていない影響、すべてが パニックに襲われた生存者の噂を確認し、その中で暮らしていました 瓦礫。自警団は都市にバリケードを設置し、民間人をテストしました おそらく韓国語訛りの日本人のためのシボレスで:国外追放、殴打、 または失敗した人を殺します。陸軍と警察官が共謀した 一部の地域での自警団の殺害。拘留された3,000人の韓国人のうち 千葉県習志野市の陸軍騎兵連隊基地では、10%が 基地で殺されたか、近くの村に解放された後に殺された。さらに 中国人、琉球人、および いくつかの地域の方言の日本語話者は、同じ運命をたどりました。に関しては 主に温州出身の700人の中国人が殺されました。記念の記念碑 これは1993年に温州に建てられました。
In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. The chief of police of Tsurumi (or Kawasaki by some accounts) is reported to have publicly drunk the well water to disprove the rumor that Koreans had been poisoning wells. In some towns, even police stations into which Korean people had escaped were attacked by mobs, whereas in other neighborhoods, civilians took steps to protect them. The Army distributed flyers denying the rumor and warning residents against attacking Koreans, but in many cases, vigilante activity only ceased as a result of Army operations against it. In several documented cases, soldiers and policemen participated in the killings, and in other cases, authorities handed groups of Koreans over to local vigilantes, who proceeded to kill them.
*disprove=誤りを証明する
*mob=暴徒、やじ馬、（破壊的な行動をしかねない）群衆 cf. crowd
*proceed to do =続いて～する
Amidst the mob violence against Koreans in the Kantō Region, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. Socialists such as Hirasawa Keishichi (平澤計七), anarchists such as Sakae Ōsugi and Noe Itō, and the Chinese communal leader, Ō Kiten (王希天), were abducted and killed by local police and Imperial Army, who claimed the radicals intended to use the crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government.
Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses, and perpetrators.
The importance of obtaining and providing accurate information following natural disasters has been emphasized in Japan ever since. Earthquake preparation literature in modern Japan almost always directs citizens to carry a portable radio and use it to listen to reliable information, and not to be misled by rumors in the event of a large earthquake.
これに対し、政府は日本軍と警察に呼びかけた 韓国人を保護するため。23,715人の韓国人が保護拘留された 日本、東京だけで12,000人。鶴見(または川崎)の警察署長 一部のアカウントでは)に井戸水を公に飲んだと報告されています 韓国人が井戸を毒殺していたという噂を反証する。いくつかの町では、 韓国人が逃げ込んだ警察署までも襲撃された 暴徒によって、他の地域では、民間人は保護するための措置を講じました それら。陸軍は噂を否定し、住民に警告するチラシを配布しました 韓国人を攻撃することに対して、しかし多くの場合、自警行為は停止しただけでした それに対する陸軍の作戦の結果として。いくつかの文書化されたケースでは、 兵士と警官が殺害に参加し、他のケースでは、 当局は韓国人のグループを地元の自警団に引き渡し、自警団は手続きを進めた それらを殺すために。
関東地方で韓国人に対する暴徒の暴力が起きる中、地方警察 そして帝国軍は市民の不安の口実を使って政治を清算しました 反体制 派。平澤計七などの社会主義者、アナキストなど 大杉栄と伊藤乃恵、そして中国の共同指導者である王希天として、 地元の警察と帝国軍に誘拐され殺害された。 過激派は危機を打倒の機会として利用するつもりでした 日本政府。
チョンコン・オ監督が2本のドキュメンタリーを制作ポグロムに関する映画:隠された傷跡:荒川岸から東京の下町までの韓国人の虐殺(1983)と処分された韓国人:関東大震災とキャンプ習志野(1986)。それらは主に生存者、目撃者、加害者へのインタビューで構成されています。
日本では、自然災害発生時の正確な情報を入手し、提供することの重要性が叫ばれてきました。現代の日本の地震準備の文献は、ほとんどの場合、市民に携帯ラジオを携帯し、それを使用して信頼できる情報を聞くように指示し、大地震が発生した場合に噂に惑わされないように指示しています。
Aftermath
Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the capital elsewhere. Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed.
Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. In the long run, the response to the disaster was a strong sense that Japan had been given an unparalleled opportunity to rebuild the city and rebuild Japanese values. In reconstructing the city, the nation, and the Japanese people, the earthquake fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy and national renovation in interwar Japan.
After the earthquake, Gotō Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. Parks were placed all over Tokyo as refuge spots, and public buildings were constructed with stricter standards than private buildings to accommodate refugees. The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources.
余波
地震の荒廃
に続いて、政府の一部は 首都を他の場所に移す可能性。の提案されたサイト 新しい資本についても議論されました。
日本のコメンテーターは、災害を神の罰の行為として解釈しました 日本人の自己中心的で不道徳で贅沢なことを諭す ライフ スタイル。長い目で見れば、災害への対応は強力でした 日本にはかつてない復興の機会が与えられたという感覚 都市と日本の価値観を再構築します。都市、国家を再建するにあたり、 そして日本国民は、震災は大惨事の文化を育んだ 道徳的退化と国家の言説を増幅した再建 戦間期の日本の改修。
震災後、後藤新平は、道路、電車、公共サービスの近代的なネットワークを備えた東京の復興計画を組織しました。公園は東京のいたるところに避難所として置かれ、公共の建物は難民を受け入れるために民間の建物よりも厳しい基準で建設されました。第二次世界大戦の勃発とその後の破壊により、資源は厳しく制限されました。
Frank Lloyd Wright received credit for designing the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, to withstand the quake, although in fact the building was damaged, though standing, by the shock. The destruction of the US embassy caused Ambassador Cyrus Woods to relocate the embassy to the hotel. Wright's structure withstood the anticipated earthquake stresses, and the hotel remained in use until 1968. The innovative design used to construct the Imperial Hotel, and its structural fortitude, inspired the creation of the popular Lincoln Logs toy.
The unfinished battlecruiser Amagi was in drydock being converted into an aircraft carrier in Yokosuka in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The earthquake damaged the ship's hull beyond repair, leading it to be scrapped, and the unfinished fast battleship Kaga was converted into an aircraft carrier in its place.
In contrast to London, where typhoid fever had been steadily declining since the 1870s, the rate in Tokyo remained high, more so in the upper-class residential northern and western districts than in the densely populated working-class eastern district. An explanation is the decline of waste disposal, which became particularly serious in the northern and western districts when traditional methods of waste disposal collapsed due to urbanization. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure.
The Honda Point Disaster on the West Coast of the United States, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 people died, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan.
フランク・ロイド・ライトは、帝国ホテル東京の設計でクレジットを受けました。 地震に耐えるために、実際には建物は損傷していましたが 立って、ショックで。米国大使館の破壊は大使を引き起こしました サイラスウッズは大使館をホテルに移転します。ライトの構造は耐えました 予想される地震ストレス、そしてホテルは 1968.帝国ホテルの建設に使用された革新的なデザインとその 構造的な不屈の精神は、人気のあるリンカーンログの作成に影響を与えました 玩具。
未完成の巡洋戦艦 天城 乾ドックにいて、1922年のワシントン海軍軍縮条約に準拠して横須賀で空母に改造されていました。地震により船体は修理できないほど損傷し、廃棄され、未完成の高速戦艦加賀はその代わりに空母に改造されました。
腸チフスが着実に減少していたロンドンとは対照的に 1870年代以降、東京の割合は高いままであり、上流階級ではさらに高い 人口密度の高い地域よりも住宅の北部と西部の地区 労働者階級の東部地区。説明は廃棄物の減少です 北部と西部で特に深刻になった処分 都市化により伝統的な廃棄物処理方法が崩壊したときの地区。 1923年の地震は、不衛生な状態のために記録的な高い罹患率をもたらしました 地震の後、それは促しました腸チフス制薬の確立 対策と都市インフラの構築。
米国西海岸のホンダポイント災害、 7隻の米海軍駆逐艦が座礁し、23人が死亡したとされています 地震によって設定された異常な流れによって引き起こされるナビゲーションエラーへ 日本では。
Memory
Beginning in 1960, every September 1st is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. Schools and public and private organizations host disaster drills. Tokyo is located near a fault zone beneath the Izu Peninsula which, on average, causes a major earthquake about once every 70 years, and is also located near the Sagami Trough, a large subduction zone that has potential for large earthquakes. Every year on this date, schools across Japan take a moment of silence at the precise time the earthquake hit in memory of the lives lost.
Some discreet memorials are located in Yokoamicho Park in Sumida Ward, at the site of the open space in which an estimated 38,000 people were killed by a single fire whirl. The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings.
メモリ
1960年から毎年9月1日が防災に指定されるようになりました 地震を記念し、人々にその重要性を思い出させる日 8月と9月は台風シーズンのピークであるため、準備。 学校や公私で防災訓練を実施しています。東京 伊豆半島の下の断層帯の近くにあり、平均して、 約70年に一度の大地震を引き起こし、 相模トラフの近く、潜在的な大きな沈み込み帯 大地震。毎年この日に、全国の学校が 地震が襲った正確な時間での沈黙の瞬間は、 失われた命。
いくつかの目立たない記念碑は、墨田区の横網町公園にあります。 推定38,000人がいた広場の場所で 一回の火の渦で殺された。公園には仏教様式の記念碑があります ホール/博物館、台湾の仏教徒から寄贈された記念の鐘、記念碑 第二次世界大戦の東京空襲の犠牲者と韓国人の記念碑 自警団殺害の犠牲者。
In fiction
In written or graphic novels
In the historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata) a supernatural explanation is given for the cause of the Great Kantō earthquake, connecting it with the principles of feng shui.
In Yasunari Kawabata's 1930 novel The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa several chapters deal with the Great Kantō earthquake.
In the TV adaptation of the Pachinko Novel by Min Jin Lee, a young Hansu escapes Yokohama with his father's former Yakuza employer, Ryoichi, from the Great Kantō Earthquake. The Great Kantō Earthquake is not featured in the book.
In Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, Mary Mackenzie survives the earthquake, and later bases her clothes designing company in one of the few buildings that remained standing in the aftermath.
In TV, film or animation
The earthquake is recreated in the 1983 asadora Oshin, from episode 114 to 117, showing the financial and human losses the disaster caused, as the new factory Oshin and her husband Ryuzo built is destroyed, and their faithful retainer Genji dies protecting their son Yu. The earthquake becomes a major a plot point as it drives the family to move to Saga, to live with Ryuzo's parents.
An incident after the Great Kanto earthquake is recreated in the 1998 film, After Life, known in Japanese as Wandafuru Raifu (or Wonderful Life). Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the plot takes place in a way station for those who have just died. The newly deceased will take their happiest memory with them into the afterlife. One of the newly deceased has a memory of being in the woods after the earthquake.
Michiyo Akaishi's josei manga Akatsuki no Aria features the earthquake in volume 8. Several places frequented by the protagonist Aria Kanbara, like her boarding school and the house of the rich Nishimikado clan that she is an illegitimate member of, become shelters for the wounded and the homeless. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage.
In Yuu Watase's 2017 josei manga Fushigi Yûgi Byakko Senki, the heroine Suzuno Osugi enters The Universe of the Four Gods for the first time right after the earthquake: her father Takao, who is dying from injuries he suffered when the family house fatally collapsed on him and Suzuno's mother Tamayo, orders her to do so, so she will survive the disaster and its aftermath. After a brief time there, she's sent back to the already destroyed Tokyo, and she, alongside her soon-to-be love interest Seiji Horie and two young boys named Hideo and Kenichi, is taken in by a friend of the late Takao, Dr. Oikawa.
フィクション
書面またはグラフィックノベルの中で
歴史ファンタジー小説で 帝都物語 (荒俣宏)超自然 関東大震災の原因について、 それは風水の原則と。
川端康成の1930年の小説「浅草の緋色のギャング」では、いくつかの章が関東大震災を扱っています。
ミンジン・リーによるパチンコ小説のテレビ版では、若いハンスが父親の元ヤクザの雇用主である良一と一緒に関東大震災から横浜を脱出します。関東大震災は本書には載っていない。
オズワルドウィンドの小説「ジンジャーツリー」では、メアリーマッケンジーは地震を生き延び、後に余波で立っていた数少ない建物の1つに服のデザイン会社を設立しました。
テレビ、映画、アニメーション
地震は1983年の朝ドラおしんのエピソード114から117まで再現され、おしんと夫の竜三が建てた新しい工場が破壊され、忠実な家臣源が息子のユウを守って死ぬため、災害が引き起こした経済的および人的損失を示しています。地震は、家族を佐賀に引っ越しさせ、竜三の両親と一緒に暮らすように駆り立てるため、主要なプロットポイントになります。
関東大震災後の事件は、1998年の映画「アフターライフ」で再現されており、日本語ではワンダフルライフ(またはワンダフルライフ)として知られています。是枝裕和監督のこのプロットは、亡くなったばかりの人々のための道の駅で行われます。新しく亡くなった人は、彼らの最も幸せな思い出を来世に持っていきます。新しく亡くなった人の一人は、地震後に森の中にいた記憶があります。
赤石美智代の少女漫画「あかつきのアリア」は地震を特集しています第8巻で。主人公のアリア・カンバラが頻繁に訪れるいくつかの場所は、寄宿学校や彼女が非嫡出子である裕福な西御門一族の家など、負傷者やホームレスの避難所になっています。アリアの生みの母親はがれきで重傷を負い、後に亡くなり、これがアリア自身の遺産についてのサブプロットを引き起こします。
渡瀬優の2017年の少女漫画「ふしぎ遊戯ビャッコ戦記」では、ヒロインの大杉鈴乃が震災直後に初めて四神の宇宙に入り、実家が倒壊して負傷して死にかけている父親の隆雄と鈴野の母親の珠代が彼女にそうするように命じ、 だから彼女は災害とその余波を乗り切るでしょう。そこでしばらく過ごした後、彼女はすでに破壊された東京に送り返され、間もなく恋愛の関心事となる堀江誠司と、秀雄と健一という2人の少年と一緒に、故隆夫の友人である及川博士に引き取られます。
Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tōru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kantō earthquake—which happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. Benio barely survives when the Christian church she's getting married in collapses, and then she finds her long-lost love Shinobu whose other love interest Larissa is among the victims; they get back together, and Tousei allows them to.
In Makiko Hirata's josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku the story finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. The earthquake happens just as the marriage between Akiko and her fiancé Kiyosu Saionji is announced. Sara is in the streets, and Taka is taking Sara's brother Junichirou to a hospital after he was injured in a yakuza-related incident. The Hashou's mansion is destroyed, leading to an emotional confrontation between Akiko and Saionji; meanwhile, Sara's humble house in the suburbia is also destroyed and her and Junichirou's mother dies of injuries she sustained in the earthquake.
Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kantō earthquake in the film.
In the 2013 animated film by director Hayao Miyazaki, The Wind Rises, the protagonist Jiro Horikoshi is traveling to Tokyo by train to study engineering. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city.
Part of the story in the manga and anime Taisho Otome Fairy Tale (by Sana Kirioka) happens during the earthquake. At that time Yuzuki was in Tokyo visiting a friend, causing Tamahiko to worry, and follow her to Tokyo.
In the 2022 animated film Suzume no Tojimari, directed by Makoto Shinkai, the earthquake is briefly alluded to in a segment recounting Tokyo's devastation 100 years prior.
ワキヤマトの漫画「ハイカラさん通る」は、女性リーダーの花村紅夫と彼女の2番目の愛の東星の結婚式の直前に起こる関東大震災の後に実際にクライマックスに達します。ベニオは、結婚しているキリスト教会が崩壊したとき、かろうじて生き残り、その後、ラリッサが犠牲者の中にいる他の愛の関心事である彼女の長い間失われた愛の忍を見つけます。彼らは一緒に戻り、Touseiは彼らに許可します。
平田真紀子の少女漫画とアニメ「カセイヤキョク」では、物語は終わります 地震後しばらくして、主な三角関係への帰結として 貴婦人ハショウアキコ、彼女の恋人タカイトウ、そしてアキコの個人的な間 メイド内田沙羅。地震はアキコの結婚と同じように起こります そして彼女の婚約者西園寺清須が発表される。サラは通りにいて、 タカはサラの兄純一郎が怪我をした後、病院に連れて行っています ヤクザ関連の事件で。ハショウの邸宅は破壊され、 秋子と西園寺の間の感情的な対立に。一方、サラの 郊外の謙虚な家も破壊され、彼女と純一郎の 母は地震で負った怪我で亡くなりました。
モーリス・トゥルヌールの1924年のサイレント映画「苦痛」は横浜で地震を起こしています そのプロットでは、映画の中で関東大震災の映像を使用しています。
宮崎駿監督の2013年のアニメーション映画「風立ちぬ」では、主人公の堀越次郎が工学を学ぶために電車で上京しています。途中、1923年の地震が発生し、列車が損傷し、市内で大火災が発生しました。
マンガとアニメの大正乙女おとぎ話(桐岡サナによる)の物語の一部は地震の間に起こります。その時、柚月は東京に友人を訪ねていたので、玉彦は心配し、彼女を東京に連れて行った。
新海誠監督の2022年のアニメーション映画「すずめのとじまり」では、100年前の東京の惨状を語るセグメントで地震が簡単にほのめかされています。
The Science of Earthquakes
Originally written by Lisa Wald (U.S. Geological Survey) for “The Green Frog News”
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!
What causes earthquakes and where do they happen?
The earth has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet.
But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth. Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.
Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?
While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us!
How are earthquakes recorded?
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.
How do scientists measure the size of earthquakes?
The size of an earthquake depends on the size of the fault and the amount of slip on the fault, but that’s not something scientists can simply measure with a measuring tape since faults are many kilometers deep beneath the earth’s surface. So how do they measure an earthquake? They use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was (figure 5). A short wiggly line that doesn’t wiggle very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake. The length of the wiggle depends on the size of the fault, and the size of the wiggle depends on the amount of slip.
The size of the earthquake is called its magnitude. There is one magnitude for each earthquake. Scientists also talk about theintensity of shaking from an earthquake, and this varies depending on where you are during the earthquake.
How can scientists tell where the earthquake happened?
Seismograms come in handy for locating earthquakes too, and being able to see the P wave and the S wave is important. You learned how P & S waves each shake the ground in different ways as they travel through it. P waves are also faster than S waves, and this fact is what allows us to tell where an earthquake was. To understand how this works, let’s compare P and S waves to lightning and thunder. Light travels faster than sound, so during a thunderstorm you will first see the lightning and then you will hear the thunder. If you are close to the lightning, the thunder will boom right after the lightning, but if you are far away from the lightning, you can count several seconds before you hear the thunder. The further you are from the storm, the longer it will take between the lightning and the thunder.
P waves are like the lightning, and S waves are like the thunder. The P waves travel faster and shake the ground where you are first. Then the S waves follow and shake the ground also. If you are close to the earthquake, the P and S wave will come one right after the other, but if you are far away, there will be more time between the two.
By looking at the amount of time between the P and S wave on a seismogram recorded on a seismograph, scientists can tell how far away the earthquake was from that location. However, they can’t tell in what direction from the seismograph the earthquake was, only how far away it was. If they draw a circle on a map around the station where the radius of the circle is the determined distance to the earthquake, they know the earthquake lies somewhere on the circle. But where?
Scientists then use a method called triangulation to determine exactly where the earthquake was (see image below). It is called triangulation because a triangle has three sides, and it takes three seismographs to locate an earthquake. If you draw a circle on a map around three different seismographs where the radius of each is the distance from that station to the earthquake, the intersection of those three circles is the epicenter!
Can scientists predict earthquakes?
No, and it is unlikely they will ever be able to predict them. Scientists have tried many different ways of predicting earthquakes, but none have been successful. On any particular fault, scientists know there will be another earthquake sometime in the future, but they have no way of telling when it will happen.
Is there such a thing as earthquake weather? Can some animals or people tell when an earthquake is about to hit?
These are two questions that do not yet have definite answers. If weather does affect earthquake occurrence, or if some animals or people can tell when an earthquake is coming, we do not yet understand how it works.
The Science of EarthquakesのGoogle翻訳や解説
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Public Domain=パブリック・ドメイン
＝著作権・商標権が消滅した状態（にある創作物）、誰でも利用可能
「公有」と訳語が付いたこともあるようですが、公の機関が所有という事ではないので…また、商用利用が可能かも色々むずかしいようです。よって、日本語訳がむずかしいです。
記事のGoogle 翻訳 （2022年9月24日）
地震とは、地球の2つのブロックが突然お互いをすり抜けたときに起こることです。それらが滑るサーフェスは、フォルトまたはフォルト平面と呼ばれます。地震が始まった地表下の位置を震源地と呼び、地表の真上の位置を震源地と呼びます。
地震には前震が伴うこともあります。これらは、それに続く大きな地震と同じ場所で起こる小さな地震です。科学者たちは、より大きな地震が起こるまで、地震が前震であることを知ることはできません。最大の主地震は本震と呼ばれます。本震には常に余震が伴います。これらは、本震と同じ場所でその後に発生する小さな地震です。本震の大きさによっては、余震は本震後数週間、数ヶ月、さらには数年続くことがあります!
地震の原因と発生場所
地球の切り抜きくさびの漫画
ソース/使用法: パブリックドメイン。
地球の地殻(茶色)、マントル(オレンジ色)、コア(明るい灰色の液体、濃い灰色の固体)の単純化された漫画。(パブリックドメイン)
地球には、内核、外核、マントル、地殻の4つの主要な層があります。地殻とマントルの上部は、私たちの惑星の表面の薄い皮膚を構成しています。
しかし、この皮膚は一枚にまとまったものではなく、地表を覆うパズルのように多くの部分で構成されています。それだけでなく、これらのパズルのピースはゆっくりと動き回り続け、お互いを通り過ぎて滑り、お互いにぶつかり合います。私たちはこれらのパズルピースを構造プレートと呼び、プレートの端はプレート境界と呼ばれます。プレート境界は多くの断層で構成されており、世界中の地震のほとんどはこれらの断層で発生します。プレートの端は粗いので、プレートの残りの部分が動き続けている間に立ち往生します。最後に、プレートが十分に遠くまで移動すると、断層の1つでエッジが外れ、地震が発生します。
パズルのピースの地球の地図
ソース/使用法: パブリックドメイン。
構造プレートは、地球の地殻を、常にゆっくりと動いている別個の「プレート」に分割します。地震はこれらのプレート境界に沿って集中しています。(パブリックドメイン)
地震があるとなぜ地球が揺れるのか?
断層の端がくっついていて、ブロックの残りの部分が動いている間、通常はブロックが互いにすり抜ける原因となるエネルギーが蓄積されています。移動ブロックの力が最終的に断層のギザギザのエッジの摩擦を克服し、それが固執すると、蓄積されたエネルギーはすべて解放されます。エネルギーは、池の波紋のような地震波の形で断層からあらゆる方向に外側に放射されます。地震波は地球を揺るがし、波が地表に到達すると、私たちの家や私たちのように、地面やその上にあるあらゆるものを揺さぶります!
地震はどのように記録されますか?
地震計の漫画スケッチ
ソース/使用法: パブリックドメイン。
地震計の漫画のスケッチは、その下の地球でインスルメントがどのように揺れるかを示していますが、記録装置は静止したままです(その逆ではなく)。(パブリックドメイン)
地震は地震計と呼ばれる機器によって記録されます。彼らが作る記録は地震計と呼ばれます。地震計は、地面にしっかりと固定するベースと、自由にぶら下がっている重い重量を持っています。地震によって地面が揺れると、地震計の基部も揺れますが、吊り下げられた重りは揺れません。代わりに、ぶら下がっているスプリングやひもがすべての動きを吸収します。地震計の揺れ部分と動かない部分の位置の違いが記録されています。
科学者はどのようにして地震の大きさを測定するのですか?
波線
ソース/使用法: パブリックドメイン。
P波とS波のラベルが付いた地震波の例。(パブリックドメイン)
地震の大きさは断層の大きさと断層の滑りの量に依存しますが、断層は地表から何キロメートルも深く離れているため、科学者が単に測定テープで測定できるものではありません。では、彼らはどのようにして地震を測るのでしょうか?彼らは、地表の地震計に記録された地震計を使用して、地震の大きさを判断します(図5)。あまり揺れない短いウィグリングラインは小さな地震を意味し、大きく揺れる長いウィグリングラインは大きな地震を意味します。ウィグルの長さは断層のサイズに依存し、ウィグルのサイズはスリップの量に依存します。
地震の大きさはマグニチュードと呼ばれます。地震ごとにマグニチュードが1つあります。科学者たちはまた、地震による揺れの強さについても話していますが、これは地震中のどこにいるかによって異なります。
科学者たちは地震がどこで起こったのかをどのように知ることができますか?
地震計は地震の位置を特定するのにも役立ち、P波とS波を見ることができることが重要です。PとSの波が地面を通り抜けるときに、それぞれ異なる方法で地面を揺さぶる方法を学びました。P波もS波よりも速く、この事実が地震がどこにあったのかを知ることができるのです。これがどのように機能するかを理解するために、P波とS波を雷と雷と比較してみましょう。光は音よりも速く進むので、雷雨の間、あなたは最初に稲妻を見てから雷を聞くでしょう。稲妻の近くにいると、雷は稲妻の直後に鳴りますが、稲妻から遠く離れている場合は、雷が聞こえるまでに数秒数えることができます。嵐から離れれば離れるほど、稲妻と雷の間にかかる時間が長くなります。
地殻の2つの断面の漫画
ソース/使用法: パブリックドメイン。
P 波は交互に地殻材料を圧縮し、伝播する方向に平行に伸ばします。S 波は、地殻マテリアルが移動する方向に対して垂直に前後に移動します。(パブリックドメイン)
P波は稲妻のようであり、S波は雷のようなものです。P波はより速く移動し、あなたが最初にいる地面を揺さぶります。その後、S波が続き、地面も揺れます。地震の近くにいれば、P波とS波が次々とやってきますが、遠くにいると、両者の間にもっと時間があります。
地震計に記録された地震計上のP波とS波の間の時間を見ると、科学者は地震がその場所からどれくらい離れていたかを知ることができます。しかし、地震が地震計からどの方向にあったのかは分からず、地震がどれくらい離れていたのかしかわかりません。円の半径が地震までの決定された距離である駅の周りの地図上に円を描くと、地震が円のどこかにあることがわかります。しかし、どこで?
科学者たちは次に、三角測量と呼ばれる方法を使用して、地震がどこにあったかを正確に決定します(下の画像を参照)。三角形には3つの辺があり、地震を特定するのに3つの地震計が必要なため、三角測量と呼ばれます。3つの異なる地震計の周囲に地図上に円を描くと、それぞれの半径がその駅から地震までの距離になり、これらの3つの円の交点が震源地になります!
科学者は地震を予測できますか?
いいえ、そして彼らがそれらを予測できる可能性は低いです。科学者たちは地震を予測するさまざまな方法を試してきましたが、どれも成功していません。特定の過失について、科学者たちは将来いつか別の地震が起こることを知っていますが、いつ起こるかを知る方法はありません。
地震の天気のようなものはありますか?一部の動物や人々は、地震がいつ襲い掛かろうとしているかを知ることができますか?
これらはまだ明確な答えを持っていない2つの質問です。天気が地震の発生に影響を与える場合、または一部の動物や人々が地震がいつ来るかを知ることができる場合、私たちはまだそれがどのように機能するかを理解していません。
